France > Related Articles
From Citizendium, the Citizens' Compendium
< France
- See also pages that link to France or to this page.
Contents |
Parent topics
Subtopics
International relations
- U.S. Ambassador to France [r]: Charles Rivkin, a financial and business executive with a degree in international relations; since 1968, he has been involved in presenting U.S. State Department’s “Rivkin Award,” honoring “intellectual courage and constructive dissent” by Foreign Service Officers [e]
- French Ambassador to the U.S. [r]: Add brief definition or description
Politics
- Maurice Pompidou [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Michel Rocard [r]: Member, Global Leadership Foundation; Prime Minister of France 1988-91 [e]
Culture
- French cuisine [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Confit of duck [r]: Cooked duck that is then preserved for long periods in solidified duck or goose fat. [e]
- French cheese [r]: Add brief definition or description
- French wine [r]: Add brief definition or description
- French language [r]: A Romance language spoken in northwestern Europe (mainly in France, Belgium, Switzerland), in Canada and in many other countries. [e]
- Joan of Arc, Rehabilitation trial [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Joan of Arc, Trial [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Joan of Arc, memory of [r]: An examination of the wide range of views and interpretations regarding Joan of Arc's life as seen in the eyes of her perceivers over the centuries. [e]
- Joan of Arc [r]: A French peasant girl (ca. 1412 – 1431) who led her nation's armies during the Hundred Years' War and became a national heroine and saint. [e]
Military
First World War
Second World War
- Armée de l'Air [r]: The air force of France [e]
- Battle of France [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Battle of Normandy [r]: Often oversimplified as "D-Day", the three-month campaign starting with the June 6, 1944 landings on the beaches of occupied France, lasted for three months, until the liberation of the last Norman commune on 25 August 1944 [e]
- French Resistance [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Henri Petain [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Vichy France [r]: After the fall of France in 1940, part of the south kept a German-approved government that maintained limited autonomy within the Tripartite Pact structure. It was opposed by resistance groups. In particular, Vichy retained authority, until March 1945, over French Indochina. [e]
- Klaus Barbie [r]: Head the Nazi Gestapo in Lyon, France during World War II; sentenced to life in prison for war crimes. [e]
- Charles de Gaulle [r]: French military and political leader who died in 1970. [e]
- Jacques Leclerc [r]: (1902—1947) Free French general, led forces in Equatorial Africa, Tunisia, the liberation of Paris, the Far East and North Africa. [e]
Postcolonial
- Indochinese revolution [r]: The period, within the Wars of Vietnam, 1858-1987, between which France reasserted its colonial authority over Indochina in 1945, created a proto-state of Vietnam under a provisional government druing which there was increasing insurgency, fought conventionally combat with the Viet Minh starting in 1950, and ended in 1954. The end, militarily, involved the defeat of French forces at Dien Bien Phu and. politically, with the creation of North Vietnam and South Vietnam by the Geneva accords [e]
- Henri Navarre [r]: General in the French Army during the Second World War, and last commander of French forces in French Indochina; responsible for creating the Dien Bien Phu base [e]
- Paul Mus [r]: A French expert (1902-1969) on Vietnam, born in French Indochina, who advised French leaders on dealing with nationalism, was an emissary to Ho Chi Minh, and continued teaching and analysis of Vietnam. [e]
- Jean Sainteny [r]: A French businessman, Resistance officer, politician and diplomat, who was was a trusted intermediary among many Vietnamese and French factions; he was the host for the 1969 secret peace talks between the U.S. and Democratic Republic of Vietnam [e]
- Algerian War [r]: (1954-1962) Fought by Algerians seeking independence from French colonial rule. [e]
- Paul Trinquier [r]: Add brief definition or description
Cold War
Other related topics
- French in Canada [r]: The linguistic heritage resulting from French colonization of parts of Canada. [e]
- Francophobia [r]: Hostility toward or distrust of French people, French culture, and/or France in general. [e]
- Francoprovençal language [r]: Romance language spoken in central eastern France, western Switzerland and northwestern Italy. [e]
Bot-suggested topics
Auto-populated based on Special:WhatLinksHere/France. Needs checking by a human.
- Air pollution dispersion modeling [r]: Describes the basic mathematical simulation (i.e., modeling) of how buoyant air pollutants disperse in the atmosphere. [e]
- Albert Kotin [r]: (1907-1980) An early member of the New York School of Abstract Expressionist Artists. New York School Abstract Expressionism— represented by Jackson Pollock, Willem De Kooning, Franz Kline, and others— became the leading art movement of the postwar area. [e]
- Alexander Fleming [r]: Scottish biologist and pharmacologist (1881-1955), best-known for the discovery of penicillin for which he won the Nobel Prize. [e]
- Alps [r]: European mountain range streching from Austria and Slovenia to Switzerland and France; contains Mont Blanc, the highest point of which is 4,808 meters. [e]
- Ammonia production [r]: The processes for the manufacture of hydrogen (H2) and ammonia (NH3). [e]
- Ancient Celtic music [r]: The music and instruments of the ancient Celts until late Antiquity. [e]
- Andorra [r]: Small landlocked country in western Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. [e]
- Anne of Austria [r]: (1601-1666) A queen of France, born in Valladolid, Spain as the daughter of Habsburg parents, Philip III, king of Spain, and Margaret of Austria. [e]
- Anthropology [r]: The holistic study of humankind; from the Greek words anthropos ("human") and logia ("study"). [e]
- Antoine equation [r]: A mathematical expression (derived from the Clausius-Clapeyron equation) of the relation between the vapor pressure and the temperature of pure substances. [e]
- Apple (tree) [r]: Pomaceous fruit of an apple tree, species Malus domestica, family Rosaceae. [e]
- April Fool's Day [r]: Specific day, April 1st, when practical jokes are frequently played. [e]
- Armor (military branch) [r]: In modern usage, that branch of land combat forces that fights primarily from mobile, protected, and heavily armed vehicles such as tanks, infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers; attack helicopters may be part of armored units [e]
- Arne (name) [r]:
- See also pages that link to France or to this page.
Meaning and origin of the Germanic and Greek name Arne [e]
- Arthur Radford [r]: Admiral and Chief of Naval Operations of the United States Navy, 1953-1957; strong advocate of U.S. military intervention to aid France at Dien Bien Phu during the colonial period of the Vietnam War [e]
- Art [r]: Application of human creativity to existing materials, resulting in a new object or experience. [e]
- Asphalt (paving) [r]: A mix of bitumen (petroleum tar), aggregate and additives. A typical paving asphalt consists to 90 to 95 percent by weight of aggregate and 5 to 10 % of bitumen. [e]
- Asphalt (petroleum) [r]: A sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present in most petroleum crude oils and in some natural deposits. [e]
- Atheism [r]: The belief that there is no God, or there are no gods; on a popular usage, the mere lack of any belief in any God or gods also qualifies as atheism, though philosophers more often call this agnosticism. [e]
- Atlantic Ocean [r]: Second largest ocean in the world; separates the Americas from Europe and Africa. [e]
- Australian Antarctic Territory [r]: Part of Antarctica claimed by Australia, covering 42% of it's land mass. [e]
- Auvergne [r]: Region of southwestern Europe, politically in France and culturally in Occitania. [e]
- Baccalauréat [r]: An academic degree which French students sit for at the end of the lycée (secondary school). [e]
- Baselland Transport AG [r]: A public transport company that operates buses and trams in Basel and its surroundings. [e]
- Battle of Na San [r]: A successful yet modest 1952 operation conducted by French paratroopers, who seized a forward base, and, under optimal conditions, formed a rock of a defense against which Viet Minh smashed themselves. It may have set unrealistic expectations for Dien Bien Phu [e]
- Battle of Normandy [r]: Often oversimplified as "D-Day", the three-month campaign starting with the June 6, 1944 landings on the beaches of occupied France, lasted for three months, until the liberation of the last Norman commune on 25 August 1944 [e]
- Battle of Vinh Yen [r]: A battle of the Indochinese revolution, with disastrous results for the Viet Minh, who attacked French positions, without cover, in range of air attack and naval gunfire [e]
- Battle of the Plains of Abraham [r]: The 1759 battle which led to the end of French power in North America. [e]
- Beijing [r]: Capital City of China. [e]
- Belgian cuisine [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Belgium [r]: Federal monarchy (population c. 10.5 million; capital Brussels) in western Europe, located between France, Germany and the Netherlands, and with a short coastline on the North Sea; founding member of the European Union. [e]
- Benito Mussolini [r]: (1883-1945) The Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943; as part of the Axis alliance, he led his country into war against France and Britain in 1940, and against the United States in 1941. [e]
- Berlin [r]: Capital of Germany and one of its 16 federal states (city state) with a population of 3.5 million people. [e]
- Blaise Pascal [r]: French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. [e]
- Brazil [r]: Largest country in South America with a population of 190 million people and rich resources; Portuguese is the national language [e]
- Bread [r]: A kind of food made from heated dough. [e]
- Breakfast [r]: The traditional first meal of the day. [e]
- Brenne Natural Regional Park [r]: Natural Park in Berry and Limousin (France). [e]
- Brest, Brittany [r]: City in western Brittany (France), on the Atlantic Ocean. [e]
- Breton language [r]: Celtic language spoken in Brittany. [e]
- Brett Favre [r]: Famed quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League. [e]
- Buddhism in the United States [r]: [e]
- CIA activities in Europe and Russia [r]: Add brief definition or description
- CIA influence on public opinion [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Camargue Natural Regional Park [r]: Natural Park in Camargue (Provence, France), at the junction of the Rhone River and the Mediterranean Sea. [e]
- Canada [r]: The world's second-largest country by total area, occupying most of northern North America; officially a bilingual nation, in English and French (population approx. 27 million). [e]
- Cardinal Mazarin [r]: (1602-1661) A French cardinal and statesman who controlled the French government while Louis XIV was young. [e]
- Caribbean [r]: A region in the Americas consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands, and the surrounding coasts. [e]
- Casa Capşa [r]: A historic restaurant in Bucharest, Romania, first established in 1852. [e]
- Catalan Countries [r]: Cultural territory of southwestern Europe where Catalan is the native language. [e]
- Catalan language [r]: A Romance language spoken in the Catalan Countries (eastern Spain, Andorra, parts of France and Sardinia). [e]
- Catalog of political philosophers [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Causses du Quercy Natural Regional Park [r]: Natural park of Quercy (Guyenne, France) in the Massif Central mountains. [e]
- Champagne [r]: A sparkling wine produced in the French region of the same name. [e]
- Charles Messier [r]: (1730 - 1817) French astronomer, best known for his catalogue of unusual objects. [e]
- Charlotte Martin [r]: (b. 20 September 1945) French fashion model and former partner to Led Zeppelin founder Jimmy Page, and mother of Scarlet Page. [e]
- Chemistry [r]: The science of matter, or of the electrical or electrostatical interactions of matter. [e]
- Chess [r]: Board game for two players played on a checkered board requiring skill, strategy and intellect. [e]
- Chief of state [r]: The highest official of a nation, who may have executive power as does the President of the United States, or be largely ceremonial as is the British monarch [e]
- Cinco de Mayo [r]: Means the 5th of May in Spanish and is a Mexican regional holiday celebrated primarily in the state of Puebla. [e]
- Clandestine human-source intelligence recruiting [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Claude Lévi-Strauss [r]: French anthropologist who developed structural anthropology as a method of understanding human society and culture. [e]
- Cognac [r]: An alcoholic beverage that is often known as brandy in non-French speaking countries. [e]
- Colombia [r]: Country in South America. [e]
- Columbia University [r]: Ivy League college in New York City founded in 1754. [e]
- Concentration [r]: In science, engineering and in general common usage: the measure of how much of a given substance there is in a given mixture of substances. [e]
- Congo (disambiguation) [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Continuous distillation [r]: An ongoing separation process in which a liquid mixture of two or more miscible components is continuously fed into the process and physically separated into two or more products by preferentially boiling the more volatile (i.e., lower boiling point) components out of the mixture. [e]
- Corsican language [r]: A Romance language spoken in Corsica and far northern Sardinia. [e]
- Counterintelligence [r]: Countermeasures to foreign intelligence organizations collecting intelligence against one's own side. [e]
- Country [r]: Nation, state, region, or territory, or large tract of land distinguishable by features of topography, biology, or culture. [e]
- County of Nice [r]: A historical region of France, located in the south-eastern part, around the city of Nice. [e]
- Cryptography controversy [r]: The "crypto wars", political controversies and legal cases involving the use of cryptography. [e]
- César Cui [r]: Russian composer (1835-1918). [e]
- Cévennes National Park [r]: Natural park of Languedoc (France), in the southern Massif Central mountains. [e]
- Côte d'Azur [r]: Tourist region along the Mediterranean Sea, in eastern Provence (France) and Monaco. [e]
- DEUG [r]: Add brief definition or description
- David Hume [r]: (1711-1776) Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian. [e]
- Deism [r]: A religious philosophy which holds that religious beliefs must be founded on human reason and observed features of the natural world, and that these sources reveal the existence of a God or supreme being. [e]
- Detective [r]: A person, usually employed in a state agency and sometimes by private parties, to investigate and solve crimes. [e]
- Detente [r]: A transition of the view of U.S. foreign policy from the Cold War model to one based on "realism", and a balance of power among the U.S., U.S.S.R., and China; most associated with Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger [e]
- Dien Bien Phu [r]: Site in northern Vietnam of a 1954 decisive battle that soon forced France to relinquish control of colonial Indochina. [e]
- Diplomacy (board game) [r]: A board game involving 7 players, each controlling one of the major European powers just before World War I: England, Germany, Italy, France, Russia, Turkey, or Austria. [e]
- Direct 8 [r]: Add brief definition or description
- E-3 Sentry [r]: Airborne warning and control system (AWACS) aircraft, equipped with a large radar and a battle staff, which can detect aircraft and control combat. [e]
- Edinburgh [r]: The capital of Scotland. [e]
- Edmond François Valentin About [r]: (February 14, 1828 – January 16, 1885) was a French novelist, publicist, and journalist. [e]
- Edward I [r]: (1272-1307) English king who conquered Wales and attempted to conquer Scotland. [e]
- Edward William Barton-Wright [r]: One of the first Europeans to teach Japanese martial arts and pioneer hybrid martial arts. [e]
- Electro-optical MASINT [r]: A subdiscipline of measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT), which has similarities to but complements imagery intelligence (IMINT); it does not form images, but validates them and produces information on phenomena that emit, absorb, or reflect electromagnetic energy in the infrared, visible light, or ultraviolet spectra, where the value is knowledge of the type of energy detected [e]
- Elinor Smith [r]: (1911) a pioneering American aviatrix, once known as "The Flying Flapper of Freeport". She was the first woman test pilot for both Fairchild and Bellanca. [e]
- England [r]: The largest and southernmost country in the United Kingdom, and location of the largest city and seat of government, London; population about 51,000,000. [e]
- Esperanto [r]: International language created by Zamenhof in the late 19th century. [e]
- Eurocorps [r]: A corps-sized European Union military force, which is normally part of NATO but can act independently of it [e]
- European Union [r]: Hybrid intergovernmental and supranational organization, which consists of 27 European states. [e]
- Euro [r]: Official currency of the majority of the European Union member states. [e]
- FIFA World Cup [r]: International football competition contested by the men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association, held every four years. [e]
- Fall of South Vietnam [r]: The result of a series of conventional military actions by the People's Army of Viet Nam, under the direction of the Politburo of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which led to the dissolution of the Republic of Vietnam and the reunification of North and South Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam [e]
- Fermentation (biochemistry) [r]: The process of deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds, such as carbohydrates, using an endogenous electron acceptor, which is usually an organic compound. [e]
- Fermentation (food) [r]: The conversion of nutrients to desired products, such as ethanol, acetic acid or acetone, using yeast, bacteria, or a combination thereof [e]
- First Crusade [r]: Crusade from 1096 to 1099, which captured Jerusalem and created a theocracy there. [e]
- Florida [r]: A State in the south-eastern USA. [e]
- Fluid catalytic cracking [r]: A petroleum refining process that cracks the large hydrocarbon molecules in the portion of the petroleum crude oil boiling above 340 °C into lower boiling, more valuable high octane gasoline and olefinic gases. [e]
- France, history [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Franc [r]: The currency of Switzerland and Liechtenstein; it was was also the name given to the currencies of France, Belgium and Luxembourg before they adopted the euro. [e]
- Frederick C. Roecker, Jr. [r]: Brigadier general, retired, U.S. Army, who was decorated for innovative battalion tactics in WWII [e]
- Frederick Delius [r]: English composer (1862-1934) whose work is noted for chromaticism, extended melody, and African-American influences. [e]
- French fries [r]: Thin sticks of potato that have been deep-fried. [e]
- French support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war [r]: French technical assistance and sales of military and dual-use equipment, beginning in approximately 1975, to Iraq, and continuing through the Iran-Iraq War; France and the Soviet Union were the leading military suppliers to Iraq [e]
- Félix d'Hérelle [r]: (1873 – 1949) - A French-Canadian bacteriologist, and the discoverer of bacteriophages. [e]
- Gasoline [r]: A fuel for spark-ignited internal combustion engines derived from petroleum crude oil. [e]
- Gau-Odernheim [r]: Village in south eastern Germany. [e]
- Geographic Information System [r]: Combined database and mapping system for the capture, storage, and manipulation of geographic data. [e]
- George Washington [r]: First President of the United States (1789-1797) and commander in chief of the Continental Army. [e]
- German Resistance [r]: Individuals and groups in Nazi Germany who opposed the regime of Adolf Hitler between 1933 and 1945. [e]
- Germany [r]: Federal republic in central Europe (population c. 82.4 million; capital Berlin), with the North Sea, Denmark and the Baltic Sea to the north; Poland and the Czech Republic to the east; France, Switzerland and Austria to the south; and Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands to the west; founding member of the European Union. [e]
- Graf Zeppelin (LZ-127) [r]: Large German passenger carrying rigid airship which operated commercially from 1928 to 1937, named after the German pioneer of airships, Ferdinand von Zeppelin. [e]
- Grands Causses Natural Regional Park [r]: Natural Park in the southern Massif Central mountains (France). [e]
- Great Depression in Germany [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Hebrew language [r]: A semitic language used by ancient Israelites and Jewish communities, and revived as a modern language by Israeli Jews. [e]
- Hemel Hempstead [r]: A large town in Hertfordshire, UK. [e]
- Henri Fayol [r]: (1841—1925) a French management theorist. [e]
- Herbert Hoover [r]: US President from 1929 to 1933. [e]
- Herschel Grynszpan [r]: (1921—1940s) German political assassin and Jewish victim of The Holocaust. [e]
- High Languedoc Natural Regional Park [r]: Natural park of Languedoc (France), in the southern Massif Central mountains. [e]
- History of television technology [r]: Chronology of the development and history of television. [e]
- Homeopathy [r]: System of medicine or alternative medicine that asserts that substances known to cause specific syndromes of symptoms can also, in very low and specially prepared doses, help to cure people who are ill with a similar syndrome of symptoms. [e]
- Horatio Hornblower [r]: The hero of a series of nautical novels created by C.S. Forester. [e]
- Howard Vincent [r]: The founder of the Criminal Investigation Department of the Metropolitan Police. [e]
- Hydrocracking [r]: A catalytic chemical process used in petroleum refineries for converting the high-boiling constituent hydrocarbons in petroleum crude oils to more valuable lower-boiling products such as gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel and diesel oil. [e]
- Hydrodesulfurization [r]: A catalytic chemical process used in petroleum refining to remove sulfur compounds from intermediate and refined end-products. [e]
- Imad Kanouni [r]: A French citizen, held in Guantanamo, transferred to France, where he stood trial and was acquitted. [e]
- Imidacloprid [r]: A chloronicotinyl insecticide that acts on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. [e]
- Indochina and the Second World War [r]: Between 1936 and 1947, external events, related to the Second World War, which affected French Indochina [e]
- Indochina [r]: Minimally, the French colony that contained the regions of Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchina, which, with the Central Highlands, became modern Vietnam [e]
- Injector [r]: A device that uses the Venturi effect of a converging-diverging nozzle to convert the pressure energy of a motive fluid to velocity energy which creates a low pressure zone that draws in and entrains a suction fluid and then recompresses the mixed fluids by converting velocity energy back into pressure energy. [e]
- International Astronomical Union [r]: Internationally recognized authority for assigning designations to celestial bodies (stars, planets, asteroids, etc), headquartered in Paris, France. [e]
- International Mathematical Olympiad [r]: Annual mathematics contest for high school students from across the world. [e]
- International Space Station [r]: A space station currently in earth orbit assembled collaboratively by the space agencies of many nations. [e]
- Iraq War [r]: Invasion of Iraq by a coalition of countries, led by the United States, in 2003, and subsequent occupation [e]
- Italy [r]: Southern European republic (population c. 58.1 million; capital Rome) that has northern borders with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia, and coastlines on the Tyrrhenian, Mediterranean, Inonian and Adriatic seas; founding member of the European Union. [e]
- Jacob Pavlovich Adler [r]: International star of Yiddish theater in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [e]
- Jacques Derrida [r]: (July 15 1930–October 8 2004) An Algerian-born French philosopher. [e]
- Jean-Luc Godard [r]: A French filmmaker who rose to prominence in the 1960s and has been active ever since. [e]
- Johannes Gutenberg [r]: German goldsmith and inventor of movable type printing. [e]
- John Adams [r]: (1735-1826) An American Founding Father, diplomat, and the second President of the United States from 1797-1801. [e]
- John Calvin [r]: A French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation. [e]
- John Knox [r]: Scottish clergyman (1514-1572), leader of the Scottish Reformation and founder of Scottish Presbyterianism. [e]
- John Quincy Adams [r]: (1767-1848) was the sixth president of the United States (1825-1829), and the son of President John Adams (1797-1801). [e]
- Juggling [r]: The art of skillful object manipulation as traditionally performed in vaudeville theatres and circus shows, with its most well-known form being toss juggling. [e]
- Jules Verne [r]: (1828-1905) French author and science-fiction pioneer, some of whose novels involved travel through outer space and under water before technology had made these possible, and whose work has been widely translated and made into a number of films. [e]
- Karel Koželuh [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Kilogram [r]: The kilogram is the basic unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI, metric system). [e]
- Klaus Barbie [r]: Head the Nazi Gestapo in Lyon, France during World War II; sentenced to life in prison for war crimes. [e]
- Knights Templar [r]: Medieval order of chivalry suppressed in the thirteenth century. [e]
- Knight [r]: Term used in the Middle Ages for a warrior of noble ancestry. [e]
- Lacrosse [r]: Team sport played outdoors by ten players (men) or twelve players (women), each of whom uses a netted stick (the crosse) in order to pass and catch a very hard rubber ball with the aim of scoring goals by propelling the ball into the opponent's goal. [e]
- Language planning [r]: In sociolinguistics, the name for any political attempt to change the status of a language in some way or develop new ways of using it, e.g. a government devising laws to promote a language, or scholars producing an official dictionary; the former is status planning (changing the political recognition of a language), the latter corpus planning (changing the way a language is used). [e]
- Laos, History [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Latin America [r]: The region of the Americas that shares a common tradition and historical heritage of European colonization, mostly Iberian. [e]
- Law [r]: Body of rules of conduct of binding legal force and effect, prescribed, recognized, and enforced by a controlling authority. [e]
- Lebanon [r]: a country in the Middle East. It borders Syria to the north and east, Israel to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Its official language is Arabic, although French is widely spoken. The capital and largest city of Lebanon is Beirut. [e]
- Leymen [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Lightning [r]: An atmospheric discharge of electricity accompanied by thunder, which typically occurs during thunderstorms, and sometimes during volcanic eruptions or dust storms. [e]
- Limousin (region) [r]: Region of southwestern Europe, politically in France and culturally in Occitania. [e]
- Logarithm [r]: Inverse of exponentiation, as subtraction is the inverse of addition and division is the inverse of multiplication. [e]
- Logical positivism [r]: A school of philosophy that combines positivism—which states that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge—with some king of logical analysis, which is similar, but not the same as logicism. [e]
- Louis XV [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Louisiana [r]: 18th state of the USA [e]
- Lower house [r]: One of two chambers of a bicameral legislature. [e]
- Lucien Conein [r]: (1919-1998), a U.S. clandestine operations officer working both for the Office of Strategic Services and the Central Intelligence Agency; he was the direct contact to the 1963 coup against Ngo Dinh Diem. [e]
- Ludwig I King of Bavaria [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Luis Buñuel [r]: (1900-1983) was a Spanish-born filmmaker whose works have been renowned for their surrealism, and their criticisms of bourgeois society and religion, specifically the Catholic Church. [e]
- Luxembourg [r]: Constitutional monarchy (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; population c. 486,000; capital Luxembourg) surrounded by Belgium, France and Germany; founding member of the European Union. [e]
- Lyonnaise potatoes [r]: Add brief definition or description
- MACV-SOG [r]: The U.S. organization responsible for covert operations against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, as well as related cross-border operations from South Vietnam into Laos and Cambodia during the Vietnam War; the abbreviation had an unclassified cover meaning, but was actually the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Special Operations Group [e]
- MV Limburg [r]: A French merchant vessel that suffered a suicide attack in October 2002 [e]
- Maize [r]: Cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica and subsequently spread throughout the world, and one of the most widely grown crops in the Americas. [e]
- Management [r]: The act of directing and controlling a group of people for the purpose of coordinating and harmonizing the group towards accomplishing a goal beyond the scope of individual effort. [e]
- Manichaeism [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Marine Air-Ground Task Force [r]: The basic structure of United States Marine Corps combined arms, task-organized units [e]
- Marine biology [r]: The study of life in the seas and oceans. [e]
- Maronite Church [r]: Eastern Rite Catholic church centered in Lebanon. [e]
- Marseille [r]: Capital city of Provence, in southern France, on the Mediterranean Sea. [e]
- Medlar [r]: A fruit tree of minor importance, Mespilus germanica, mostly cultivated as an ornamental tree. [e]
- Mercantilism [r]: A term broadly describing Western European economic theory from the Early Modern period to the 1750s. [e]
- Mercantour National Park [r]: Natural park in the far southern Alps (Provence, France). [e]
- Merchant navy [r]: Use of sea for transportation of goods and passengers [e]
- Metre (unit) [r]: Unit of length; one of the seven SI base units. [e]
- Mexican Revolution [r]: A civil war in Mexico from 1910 to 1920, producing the Mexican Constitution of 1917, costing Mexico 2.1 million lives, and the long rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party [e]
- Mexican-American War [r]: (1846-1848) war between Mexico and the United States over Mexican territories between the Gila and Rio Grande Rivers in the south and the 42d parallel north (Texas and the Mexican Cession) [e]
- Mezzo TV [r]: A French television channel mainly devoted to classical music and jazz. [e]
- Michael Moore [r]: American writer, documentary filmmaker and political commentator who advocates liberal and progressive political views. [e]
- Migration (agriculture) [r]: In pre-agricultural hunter-gatherer societies, the practice of following biological migration of game animals or successive maturation of wild food plants. [e]
- Missile Technology Control Regime [r]: Informal and voluntary association of countries which share the goals of non-proliferation of unmanned delivery systems capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction. [e]
- Molière [r]: (January 15, 1622 – February 17, 1673) French 17th-century playwright and actor, author of many comedies. [e]
- Montreal [r]: The second most populous city in Canada and the largest city in the province of Quebec [e]
- Mountain range [r]: Chain of mountains bordered by highlands or separated from other mountains by passes or valleys. [e]
- Multiple sclerosis [r]: A chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS). [e]
- Mumbai Metro One [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Mumbai Metro [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Munich Conference [r]: Conference held in Munich on 28-29 September 1938, during which the leaders of Great Britain, France, and Italy agreed to allow Germany to annex certain areas of Czechoslovakia. [e]
- Mâcon [r]: Add brief definition or description
- N-Rays [r]: A new form of radiation, "discovered" in 1903, widely confirmed, and then abandoned, and repudiated. [e]
- Napoleon [r]: Noted military commander, world historic figure and dictator of France from 1799 to 1814 [e]
- National intelligence organizations [r]: Organizations for intelligence collection and analysis, which are responsive to overall national needs rather than to the needs of a specific military service or specific mission (e.g., terrorism); they may, however, be oriented to specific collection or analysis disciplines [e]
- Neo-Druidism [r]: Form of modern spirituality or religion, based loosely on ancient Celtic druidry, that promotes harmony and worship of nature, and respect for all beings, including the environment. [e]
- Neuss [r]: City in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. [e]
- New Brunswick, Canada [r]: a Maritime province on the east coast of Canada. [e]
- Nice [r]: City of Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur, in France, on the Mediterranean Sea. [e]
- Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine [r]: Award conferred once a year by the Swedish Karolinska Institute, for physiology or medicine, since 1901. [e]
- Norman Invasion of England [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Normandy [r]: Province of France [e]
- Norway [r]: A constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula. [e]
- Nova Scotia [r]: (population 939,531) A Maritime province on the east coast of Canada. [e]
- Nuclear fuel [r]: Material that can be consumed to derive nuclear energy, usually heavy fissile elements that can be made to undergo nuclear fission chain reactions in a nuclear fission reactor. [e]
- Nuclear weapon [r]: A weapon that produces extremely powerful explosions from principles involving subatomic particle reactions, rather than the chemical reactions among atoms that power conventional explosives [e]
- Occitan language [r]: Romance language spoken in Occitania. [e]
- Occitania [r]: Area of southwestern Europe were the Occitan language is spoken. [e]
- Odo, Count of Paris [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Oklahoma [r]: The 46th state admitted to the United States of America. [e]
- Orange Order [r]: The largest Unionist organisation in Northern Ireland, with at least 75,000 members. [e]
- Orchid [r]: Any plant classified under Orchidaceae, one of the largest plant families and the largest among Monocotyledons. [e]
- Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park [r]: Natural park in the Pyrenees (Aragon, Spain). [e]
- PIE (nuclear fuel) [r]: The study of used nuclear materials such as nuclear fuel. [e]
- Panthera leo (Lion) [r]: Large gregarious predatory carnivorous feline of Africa and India having a tawny coat with a shaggy mane in the male, one of four big cats in the genus Panthera, and a member of the family Felidae. [e]
- Paris [r]: Capital of France, population about 2,200,000. [e]
- Parts-per notation [r]: Notation used in science and engineering, to denote dimensionless proportionalities in measured quantities such as proportions at the parts-per-million (ppm), parts-per-billion (ppb), and parts-per-trillion (ppt) level. [e]
- Paul Ely [r]: French army general and Chief of Staff of the French military in 1954; French representative to the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff in requesting Operation VULTURE U.S. air support for the Dien Bien Phu outpost, surrounded by Viet Minh forces [e]
- Pearl Hart [r]: (1871-1956?) Cowgirl and outlaw; one of few female stagecoach robbers in the American Wild West. [e]
- Phalène [r]: A small and elegant but strong toy dog breed dating from at least the 16th Century; the original version of the Papillon. [e]
- Pierre Molinier [r]: (13 April 1900 - 3 March 1976) French surrealist painter, photographer, and maker of 'fetishistic objects'. [e]
- Piquet [r]: A two-handed card game played with 32 cards that originated in France around 1500. [e]
- Pitch (music) [r]: Perceived fundamental frequency of a sound. [e]
- Port-Cros [r]: Island of the Mediterranean belonging to the Hyères Islands, in Provence (France). [e]
- Portuguese language [r]: An Iberian Romance language, of the Indo-European family. [e]
- Prince Edward Island [r]: (population 140,402) A Maritime province and island, located in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on the east coast of Canada. [e]
- Provence [r]: Region of southwestern Europe, politically in France and culturally in Occitania, stretching from the Rhone to the Alps along the Mediterranean Sea. [e]
- Psychology [r]: The study of systemic properties of the brain and their relation to behaviour. [e]
- Pyrenees National Park [r]: Natural park in the Pyrenees (Gascony and Bearn, France). [e]
- Queyras Natural Regional Park [r]: Natural park in the southern Alps (Provence, France). [e]
- Raid [r]: A military attack of limited duration, assuming tactical surprise, which does not attempt to hold the land of the target. It destroys capabilities, obtains intelligence, or may be intended for psychological attack. [e]
- Religion [r]: Belief in, and systems of, worshipful dedication to a superhuman power or belief in the ultimate nature of existence. [e]
- René Descartes [r]: French 17th-century philosopher, mathematician and scientist, author of the Discourse on Method. [e]
- Research vessel Astrolabe [r]: French icebreaker engaged in research, in Antarctic waters. [e]
- Rhine [r]: A large river (ca 1,320 km) that drains portions of northern Europe, flowing from south-eastern Switzerland through Germany and the Netherlands, into the North Sea. [e]
- Richard I [r]: (8 September 1157 - 6 April 1199) English king known as the Lionheart (1189 - 1199), Duke of Aquitaine from 1171, poet, composer, and major participant in the Third Crusade. [e]
- River Seine [r]: The Seine is a large river in Northern Europe. [e]
- Robert Boyle [r]: Robert Boyle (1627 – 1691). British chemist and physicist. [e]
- Rococo [r]: Style of art, architecture and decoration of the eighteenth century, popular especially in France; features ornate use of scrolls and curves. [e]
- Roger Trinquier [r]: An influential French guerilla and counterguerilla officer in the 1950s and 1960s, best known for his work in Indochina (i.e. before the French left) in the extended Vietnam War, and in the Algerian War of Independence. He is one of the very few doctrinal writers to have endorsed even the controlled use of torture. [e]
- Roller coaster [r]: A mechanical loop ride developed for carrying passengers in amusement parks and modern theme parks. [e]
- Romance languages [r]: Branch of the Indo-European language family, originally spoken in southern, eastern and western Europe and descended from Vulgar Latin, the language of the Ancient Romans; includes modern Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and Romanian. [e]
- Royal Navy [r]: By long naval tradition, when there is no qualifier but "Royal", the navy being discussed is that of the United Kingdom. [e]
- Russian Revolution of 1917 [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Russian language [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Saigon [r]: The largest city of Vietnam, renamed Ho Chi Minh City after reunification of the North and South in 1975 [e]
- Salt and health [r]: Article describing health effects of salt (sodium) in the diet, giving governments' recommendations for consumption. [e]
- Sandwich [r]: Two slices of bread with a filling. [e]
- Scarborough Castle [r]: Ruined stone castle on the east coast of Yorkshire, England, begun in mid-twelfth century. [e]
- Scottish people [r]: A nation and an ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. [e]
- Second Battle of Ypres [r]: A 1915 battle of the First World War, in which Germany launched the first large-scale chemical warfare attack against France [e]
- Sephardi Jews [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Service de Documentation Exterieure et de Contre-Espionage [r]: The civilian external intelligence and covert action organization of France [e]
- Shenyang [r]: The largest city in Liaoning, a province in the northeast of the People's Republic of China. [e]
- South Africa [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Space debris [r]: Man-made objects in earth orbit that no longer serve any useful purpose. [e]
- Spain [r]: South-west European parliamentary monarchy (population c. 40.5 million; capital Madrid) between the Atlantic Ocean and Bay of Biscay to the north-west and the Mediterranean Sea to the south and east; the Pyrenees mountain range forms the border with France to the north-east, and Portugal is situated to the west. [e]
- Spanish language [r]: A Romance language widely spoken in Spain, its current and former territories, and the United States of America. [e]
- Spanish missions in California [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Sri Aurobindo [r]: (1872–1950) Influential Indian philosopher, yogin and nationalist, developer of Integral consciousness theory and the Integral movement. [e]
- State [r]: A set of political institutions exercising sovereign political authority over a territory. [e]
- Statue of Liberty [r]: A large (151 feet/46 meters) statue, representing Liberty deified, located at Liberty Island, New York City; a universal symbol of freedom and democracy. [e]
- Strasbourg [r]: Capital of Alsace in France. [e]
- Sudan [r]: A nation in East Africa/Horn of Africa, with the largest land area of any country in Africa, and near-continuous civil wars since British independence in 1956; effectively a federation of Arab and African parts with a scheduled plebiscite on separation [e]
- Superhero [r]: Fictional figure, especially in a comic strip or cartoon, endowed with superhuman powers and usually portrayed as fighting evil or crime. [e]
- Tartiflette [r]: A hearty cheese and potato dish from the Savoie region of France created in the 1980s. [e]
- Terrorism [r]: Any act, nearly always violent, unpredictable, and chaotic in nature, often targetting civilians, intended to create an atmosphere of fear in order to obtain a political objective. [e]
- The Happy Return [r]: C.S. Forester novel set in 1809 that introduced Horatio Hornblower, a fictional frigate captain in the Royal Navy; U.S. title Beat to Quarters [e]
- The Prince [r]: A book on politics by Niccolo Machiavelli. [e]
- The Two Vietnams after Geneva [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Tom Barry [r]: Tom Barry (1897-1980) was an Irish revolutionary and folk hero who lead a flying column during the Irish War of Independence. Following the war he fought in the Irish Civil War and remained a high ranking member of the Irish Republican Army until 1938. [e]
- Tonkin [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Tour de France [r]: An annual multi-stage, multi-day bicycle race of about 3,000km taking place mostly in France. [e]
- Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons [r]: The principal worldwide agreement for controlling the spread of nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons technology, without inhibiting the peaceful use of nuclear energy [e]
- Treaty providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy [r]: An international agreement, first signed in 1928 and eventually agreed-to by a large number of the world's nations at the time, which rejected the use of war to settle disputes; it had no notable effect on world events [e]
- Unguided rocket [r]: A form of artillery weapon that uses a rocket motor to propel a warhead at a target, using no guidance once launched [e]
- United Kingdom [r]: Constitutional monarchy (capital London) and island nation in north-west Europe, between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, which includes England, Scotland, Wales (on the island of Great Britain) and Northern Ireland. [e]
- Upper house [r]: One of two chambers of a bicameral legislature. [e]
- Victor Hugo [r]: (1802-1885) French novelist, best known for The Hunchback of Notre-Dame and Les Misérables. [e]
- Viet Minh [r]: A short name for the Communist-dominated national revolutionary movement that overthrew the colonial government of French Indochina [e]
- Vietnam War [r]: A post-colonial independence/Cold War conflict between communist North Vietnam against South Vietnam, assisted by the United States (1955-1975), to unify Vietnam; won by North Vietnam in 1975. [e]
- Vinegar [r]: A dilute form of acetic acid used in the kitchen and elsewhere. [e]
- Vipera aspis atra [r]: Subspecies of venomous viper; found in France, Switzerland and Italy [e]
- Vipera aspis [r]: Asp; a venomous viper species found in southwestern Europe. [e]
- Vipera latastei [r]: Lataste's viper, snub-nosed viper; venomous viper species found in extreme southwestern Europe and northwestern Africa. [e]
- Vipera seoanei [r]: Baskian viper; venomous viper species found in extreme southwestern France and the northern regions of Spain and Portugal. [e]
- Vipera ursinii [r]: Meadow viper, Ursini's viper; very widespread species of venomous viper, found from southeastern France all the way to China. [e]
- Voltaire [r]: The pen-name of François-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), a French writer and philosopher, who was one of the leading figures of The Enlightenment. [e]
- Voting system [r]: A methodology for collecting and combining the preferences of a population of voters for various candidates. [e]
- Wales [r]: A country of the United Kingdom that historically was considered a principality; population about 3,000,000. [e]
- Wars of Vietnam [r]: The broad context of warfare in the modern area of Vietnam, of which the Vietnam War (1962-1975) is best known, but involves colonization, Japanese occupation, decolonization, and post-1975 but related warfare among Vietnam, Cambodia and China [e]
- Weapons of mass destruction [r]: Weapons that cause death or injury not primarily through kinetic energy of projectiles or the detonation of conventional explosives, but rather produce large-scale effects greater than possible with the same weight of explosives weapons; by means heat, blast and radiation from nuclear weapon; poisoning by chemical weapon; infectious disease by biological weapons; or acute or chronic radiation syndromes from radiological weapons. [e]
- Welsh language [r]: A Brythonic Celtic language spoken mainly in Wales and Patagonia, Argentina. [e]
- West Berlin [r]: The city, consisting of the American, British and French sectors of Berlin, which existed from 1945 to 1990. [e]
- Wheat [r]: Grass crop grown worldwide and used in making flour and fermentation for alcohol production. [e]
- Whole Lotta Love [r]: A 1969 song written and recorded by Led Zeppelin, which became a charting US single and a centrepiece for the group's live performances. [e]
- William Howard Taft [r]: (1857 – 1930) The 27th President and 10th Chief Justice of the United States. [e]
- World War I, Australia [r]: Wartime preparations of Australian forces, and participation of Australian units under British high command [e]
- World War I [r]: Massive international conflict involving the Allies and Central Powers between 1914-1918. [e]
- York [r]: City in North Yorkshire, England, at the meeting point of the rivers Ouse and Foss. [e]
- Zeppelin [r]: A type of rigid airship pioneered by German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in the early 20th century. [e]
- Écrins National Park [r]: Natural park in the southern Alps (Provence, France). [e]
- Édouard Daladier [r]: The Prime Minister of France on the outbreak of World War II. [e]

