Biology > Related Articles
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Parent topics
- Science [r]: The organized body of knowledge about the physical world derived from the activities of observation and experimentation. [e]
Subtopics
Subdisciplines
- Anthropology [r]: The holistic study of humankind; from the Greek words anthropos ("human") and logia ("study"). [e]
- Astrobiology [r]: The study of life in the universe. [e]
- Biochemistry [r]: The chemistry of living things; a field of both biology and chemistry. [e]
- Biodiversity [r]: The study of the diversity of life. [e]
- Biogeography [r]: The study of patterns of species distribution and the processes that result in such patterns. [e]
- Bioinformatics [r]: The study of (usually molecular) biological systems by computational means. [e]
- Biophysics [r]: The study of forces and energies in biological systems. [e]
- Botany [r]: The study of plants, algae and fungi (mycology). [e]
- Cell biology [r]: The study of the components of cells and their interactions. [e]
- Computational biology [r]: The study of biological systems by computational means [e]
- Developmental biology [r]: The study of how cells grow and interact to form an organism. [e]
- Ecology [r]: The study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and how they are affected by the environment. [e]
- Endocrinology [r]: The study of glands and the hormonal regulation of physiology. [e]
- Ethology [r]: The scientific study of animal behavior. [e]
- Evolutionary biology [r]: The study of the origin and descent of species, as well as their change, multiplication, and diversity over time. [e]
- Genetics [r]: The study of the inheritance of characteristics, genes and DNA. [e]
- History of biology [r]: The study of the development of knowledge and methodology in the study of life. [e]
- Immunology [r]: The study of all aspects of the immune system in all animals. [e]
- Marine biology [r]: The study of life in the seas and oceans. [e]
- Microbiology [r]: The study of microorganisms (overlapping with areas of virology, bacteriology, mycology, and parasitology). [e]
- Molecular biology [r]: The study of molecular interactions within cells. [e]
- Morphology (biology) [r]: The study of biological structure. [e]
- Neuroscience [r]: The study of nervous systems and their components. [e]
- Palaeontology [r]: The study of extinct life forms, particularly fossils. [e]
- Population biology [r]: The study of life at the species level. [e]
- Physiology [r]: The study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of tissues and how they interact. [e]
- Synthetic biology [r]: The study of artificial life forms. [e]
- Systematics [r]: The study of the diversity of organism characteristics, and how they relate via evolution. [e]
- Systems biology [r]: The study of biological systems as a whole. [e]
- Taxonomy [r]: The principles underlying classification, often in a hierarchy. [e]
- Theoretical biology [r]: The study of biological systems by theoretical means. [e]
- Virology [r]: The study of viruses, sometimes included in the field of microbiology. [e]
- Zoology [r]: The scientific study of animals. [e]
History of biology
- Natural history [r]: The study of natural objects or organisms often relating to biology. [e]
- Geography [r]: Study of the surface of the Earth and the activities of humanity upon it. [e]
- Ecology [r]: The study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and how they are affected by the environment. [e]
- Molecular biology [r]: The study of molecular interactions within cells. [e]
- Evolutionary biology [r]: The study of the origin and descent of species, as well as their change, multiplication, and diversity over time. [e]
- Great Chain of Being [r]: Add brief definition or description
Techniques
- Cell culture [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Centrifugation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Chromatography [r]: Chemical purification process that separates substances based on differing affinities for other substances. [e]
- Computational morphometry [r]: The study of shapes by computational means. [e]
- Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Dielectrophoresis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- DNA sequencing [r]: Add brief definition or description
- DNA microarray [r]: used to measure and compare the expression levels for thousands of genes between different experimental samples. [e]
- Electrorotation [r]: The rotation of dielectric particles induced by application of rotating electric fields. [e]
- Enzyme assay [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging [r]: A neuroimaging technique used to monitor task-specific blood oxygenation, primarily in the brain. [e]
- Gel electrophoresis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Genetic engineering [r]: The process of manipulating genes, usually outside the organism's normal reproductive process. [e]
- Green fluorescent protein [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Magnetic resonance imaging [r]: The use of magnetic fields and electromagnetic radiation to visualize internal structures of non-magnetic objects non-destructively. [e]
- Magnetic resonance spectroscopy [r]: The use of electromagnetic radiation, in the presence of a magnetic field, to obtain information regarding transitions between different nuclear spin states of the nuclei present in the sample of interest. [e]
- Northern blot [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Optical Tweezers [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Patch clamp [r]: An electrophysiological recording technique that enables the investigation of single or multiple ion channel properties. [e]
- Polymerase chain reaction [r]: A biochemical technique used to amplify the amount of DNA obtained from a sample. [e]
- Protein purification [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Restriction enzyme [r]: Enzymes (proteins) that cut DNA at specific DNA base sequences, typically 4-6 base pairs in length. [e]
- Scanning electron microscopy [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Southern blot [r]: A technique to detect the presence of a specific fragment of DNA, often from a whole genome or complex mixture of DNA, using a sequence specific probe. It is named after Edward M. Southern who developed the technique at Edinburgh University in the 1970. [e]
- Transformation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Transmission electron microscopy [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Two-hybrid screening [r]: Add brief definition or description
- UV Laser ablation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Vector [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Western blot [r]: Analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract, using gel electrophoresis. [e]
The scientific discipline
Other related topics
General
- Life [r]: Living systems, of which biologists seek the commonalities distinguishing them from nonliving systems. [e]
- Species [r]: A fundamental unit of biological classification - a set of individual organisms that produce fertile offspring. [e]
Tree of life
- Tree of life [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Phylogeny [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Animal [r]: A multicellular organism that feeds on other organisms, and is distinguished from plants, fungi, and unicellular organisms. [e]
- Plant (organism) [r]: A eukaryotic organism, grouped into the kingdom Plantae, that typically synthesizes nutrients through photosynthesis and possesses the inability to voluntarily move. [e]
- Fungus [r]: A eukaryotic organism, classified into the kingdom Fungi, that is heterotrophic and digest their food externally, and may be a yeast, mold, or mushroom. [e]
- Protist [r]: A unicellular organism grouped into the kingdom Protista that may have characteristics of plants and/or animals. [e]
- Bacteria [r]: A major group of single-celled microorganisms. [e]
- Archaea [r]: A major group of numerous microorganisms fundamentally different from the bacteria and including many chemolithotrophs and extremophiles. [e]
- Prokaryote [r]: Single celled organism with no membrane-bound organelles. [e]
- Eukaryote [r]: An organism that is composed of one or more cells containing cell nuclei. [e]
- Three-domain system [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Angiosperm [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Insect [r]: One of numerous small arthropod animals with six legs, an exoskeleton that grows by molting, and oftentimes wings. [e]
- Nematode [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Virus [r]: A microscopic particle that can infect the cells of a biological organism and cannot reproduce without the assistance of the cells it infects. [e]
Classification of man
- Primate [r]: A member of the biological order Primates, which includes prosimians (galagos, lorises, lemurs and tarsiers), monkeys, apes, and humans. [e]
- Mammal [r]: A warm-blooded animal with a backbone which also has hair, and produces milk to feeds its young. [e]
- Vertebrate [r]: An animal who has a skeleton with a backbone, vertebrae, and/or a cranium. [e]
- Craniata [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Chordate [r]: An animal who had a notochord — a stiff cord with nerve fibre bundles — somewhen during its life. [e]
- Deuterostome [r]: Superphylum of animals, and a subtaxon of the Bilateria branch of the subregnum Eumetazoa, which are distinguished by their unique embryonic development. [e]
- Animal [r]: A multicellular organism that feeds on other organisms, and is distinguished from plants, fungi, and unicellular organisms. [e]
The cell
- Cell wall [r]: A rigid enclosure (in plants, made of cellulose and pectin; in prokaryotes, generally of peptidoglycan) for a cell for structural purposes. [e]
- Cell membrane [r]: The outer surface of a cell which encloses its contents. [e]
- Cytoskeleton [r]: The mechanical scaffold, made up of fibrous proteins, determining the shape of a cell. [e]
- Mitochondrion [r]: Structure, function, life cycle and evolutionary theories involving the origins and role of the mitochondrion. [e]
- Chloroplast [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Nucleus [r]: Please do not use this term in your topic list, because there is no single article for it. Please substitute a more precise term. See Nucleus (disambiguation) for a list of available, more precise, topics. Please add a new usage if needed.
- Endoplasmic reticulum [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Golgi apparatus [r]: An organelle in eukaryotic cells that modifies many proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum; it is named after Camillo Golgi who discovered it in 1898. [e]
- Cell cycle [r]: Is the progression of events within a eukaryotic cell between cell divisions. [e]
- Mitosis [r]: The process of eukaryotic cell division. [e]
- Metabolism [r]: The modification of chemical substances by living organisms. [e]
- Cell signaling [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Protein targeting [r]: Add brief definition or description
Ecology
- Biomass [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Food chain [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Indicator species [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Extinction [r]: The complete elimination of a species. [e]
- Habitat [r]: Place where an organism or a biological population normally lives or occurs. [e]
- Species distribution [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Gaia theory [r]: Add brief definition or description
Conservation
- Biodiversity [r]: The study of the diversity of life. [e]
- Biodiversity hotspot [r]: A species-rich ecosystem in danger of destruction by human activities. [e]
- Nature reserve [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Edge effect [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Allee effect [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Corridor [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Fragmentation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Pollution [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Invasive species [r]: Add brief definition or description
- In situ - ex situ [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Seedbank [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Environmental economics [r]: The study of economic costs and benefits of environmental policies. [e]
Evolution
- Natural selection [r]: The differential survival and/or reproduction of classes of entities that differ in one or more characteristics [e]
- Genetic drift [r]: Describes how some alleles either increase or decrease in a population due to chance events. [e]
- Sexual selection [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Speciation [r]: An event that produces two lineages that become separate species. [e]
- Mutation [r]: Changes to the DNA sequence that cause new genetic variation. [e]
- Gene flow [r]: The movement of genetic alleles from one population to another. If there is a low gene flow between two populations they may become distinct species. [e]
Development
- Tissues [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Fertilization [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Embryogenesis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Gastrulation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Neurulation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Organogenesis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Differentiation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Morphogenesis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Metamorphosis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Ontogeny [r]: Add brief definition or description
Life cycle
- Reproduction [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Ploidy [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Spermatogenesis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Alternation of generations [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Oogenesis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Parasitism [r]: One organism living off another, with no benefit to the host. [e]
- Evolution of sex [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Meiosis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- DNA replication [r]: Add brief definition or description
Biochemistry
- DNA [r]: A macromolecule that stores genetic information. Chemically, a nucleic acid. [e]
- RNA [r]: A polymer, made using the nucleotides of adenosine, guanosine, uridine and cytidine, that is used for a variety of biological functions in living systems. [e]
- Protein [r]: A polymer of amino acids; basic building block of living systems. [e]
- Enzyme [r]: A protein that catalyzes (i.e. accelerate) chemical reactions. [e]
- Protein folding [r]: The physical process by which a polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functional three-dimensional structure from random coil. [e]
- Carbohydrate [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Lipid [r]: Group of organic compounds, including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides, that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents, and together with carbohydrates and proteins constitute the principal structural material of living cells. [e]
- Glycolysis [r]: A biochemical pathway by which a molecule of glucose is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvate. [e]
- Citric acid cycle [r]: A series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration. [e]
- Electron transport chain [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Oxidative phosphorylation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Photosynthesis [r]: Scientific term for the conversion of sunlight into energy by plants [e]
- Protein structure [r]: The structure of a protein, consisting of primary, secondary and tertiary structures. [e]
Genetics
- Gene [r]: The functional unit of heredity. [e]
- Genome [r]: The set of all genes of an organism. [e]
- Karyotype [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Transcription [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Translation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Recombination [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Chromosome [r]: A compact body of DNA wrapped around proteins that is the unit of genetic material, visible only during cell division. [e]
- Mendelian inheritance [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Phenotype [r]: Observable characteristic or trait of an organism, such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, or behaviour. [e]
- Genotype [r]: Genetic makeup, as distinguished from the physical appearance, of an organism or a group of organisms, based on a combination of alleles located on homologous chromosomes that determines a specific characteristic or trait. [e]
- Epigenetics [r]: Modifications in a gene's activity, expression, and/or regulation that do not involve changes to the DNA sequence. It is possible for such differences to be inherited from one generation to the next. [e]
- Splicing [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Mutation [r]: Changes to the DNA sequence that cause new genetic variation. [e]
- Genetic fingerprint [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Chromatin [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Classical genetics [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Ecological genetics [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Molecular genetics [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Population genetics [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Quantitative genetics [r]: Add brief definition or description
