Nanobiotechnology
NanoBiotechnology [1][2] is an interdisciplinary field involving Nanotechnology and Biotechnology. It involves the use of nanostructured materials and devices for biological applications; and the use of biomolecules as nanoparticles or as components of nanodevices. Examples of current and potential applications of nanobiotechnology are: nanodots for imaging, nanobiosensors, DNA based nanowires, bionanoarrays, nanomotors, nanoscale imaging, nanorobots, etc.
Perhaps the first application of nanotechnology in the biological context was the cocaine biosensor by H.Craighead group at Cornell University. The cocaine biosensor consisted of cocaine antibodies attached to a nanosized piezoelectric crystal. The binding of cocaine resulted in a change in the resonance frequency of the piezoelectric crystal. The small size of the crystal ensured that binding events would result in significant and measurable change in the resonance frequency.
The equipment used to produce nanoscaled objects is extremely sophisticated and costly. On the other hand, there are many nanoscale devices found in abundance in nature - this observation has motivated many (including Eric Drexler) to design objects using the principles of self assembly that are used by nature and to use biomacromolecules and bio-assemblies as building blocks. This later approach is known as the bottom up approach as opposed to the classic or top down approach for manufacturing which has evolved from semiconductor and microprocessor manufacturing technologies. Although conceptually elegant, practical demonstration of nanostructured self assemblies is an experimental and theoretical challenge. Early successes in application of the self assembly principle were reported in the production of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) by the G.M.Whitesides group (now at Harvard).