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{{r|Papacy}}

...nt as the centre of the [[Roman Catholic Church]], being the seat of the [[Papacy]] and capital of [[Papal States]] until it was conquered and made capital o

...Guerra Justa" (the "just war"), which it justified by declaring that the [[papacy|Pope]] had placed the land "with everything that is in it" under the protec

...5% of world population, as of March 2012. The head of the church is the [[Papacy|Pope]], Bishop of Rome, who administers the church from the [[Vatican City] ...iddle Ages) is elected by the cardinals assembled in conclave, and holds [[Papacy|the office]] until his death or legitimate abdication. According to Cathol

...ciety and history, that it can be difficult to separate the history of the papacy from that of any part of Western Europe. Since 1929, the Roman Catholic Po ...times styled ''Pope''. The [[Protestant Reformation]] rebelled against the Papacy and theology of the Roman Catholic Church beginning in the 16th Century. A

...a [[republican]] regime in the city of Rome (during the period of Avignon papacy when the pope was absent). The revolution failed as Cola was indulging in p

For list of popes see [[Papacy/Timelines]].

...ern [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]], is a pastoral letter from [[Papacy|the Pope]] and is usually addressed to the whole Church through the Church

...e wealthiest and most influential entities in Europe, second only to the [[Papacy]] itself. The Order owned huge tracts of land in [[England]], [[Scotland]]

* Ullmann, Walter. ''A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages,'' (2002), 393pp, [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=1

...the central formula for Lutheran evangelical insight. The "law" meant the Papacy and rigid rituals controlled by priests; the "gospel" meant an individual d

...minant city-states (Florence, Milan, Venice, and Naples), along with the [[Papacy]], [[France, history|France]], Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire. ...e political power of the Church, suggests Borgia should have destroyed the papacy in order to stay in power.<ref> See Scott and Sullivan (1994).</ref> Most

...onomically superior rivals. Third, the Capetians had the support of the [[Papacy]] which favoured a strong central government in France. This alliance with ...nt. The succeeding Pope, [[Clement V]], a Frenchman, moved the seat of the papacy to [[Avignon]] in Provence, which became the papal seat for the next sevent

...the development of a bible using the vernacular against the wishes of the Papacy. The dispute continued unabated and eventually culminated in the three sets

====[[Papacy]]====

...and communists in August 1922. He intimated to the [[monarchy]] and [[Pope|papacy]] that he supported them both. In October 1922 he presented an ultimatum, '

...ve his later animadversions were shaped by his later alienation from the [[papacy]] and by his later alignment with German nationalist anti-[[Italy|Italian]] ...ir hearing on German soil. The centuries-old German distrust of an Italian papacy was thus the first factor which gave Luther protection.

...cal councils of bishops, in contrast to the centralized authority of the [[Papacy]] (Timothy Ware, p 23).<ref name=Ware/> ...ansfiguration Monastery</ref> However, Western churchmen argued that the [[Papacy|Bishop of Rome]], as the ultimate arbiter of truth in the Church, could mod

...ded the Church against [[Martin Luther]] and asserted the primacy of the [[Papacy|Pope]]. The Pope gave Henry the title Fidei Defensor [[Defender of the Fai ...-38, noting that Spain and France stayed loyal because they controlled the papacy.</ref>

...e exploitation of this inherent revivalistic imagination of the age of the Papacy.<ref> Douglas James, "Christians and the First Crusade," ''History Review'' ...f the later crusades weakened both the crusading ideal and respect for the papacy.