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...than a fixed set of particles. The first complete quantum field theory, [[quantum electrodynamics]], provides a fully quantum description of the [[electromagnetism|electroma ...hwinger|Schwinger]], and [[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga|Tomonaga]] during the 1940s. Quantum electrodynamics is a quantum theory of [[electron]]s, [[positron]]s, and the [[electromagne

...Bethe and Feynman and their students played a central role in developing [[quantum electrodynamics]], work for which Feynman shared the Nobel Prize. From 1945, until his reti

...perfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, and particle theory. His work on quantum electrodynamics made him a joint recipient of the [[Nobel Prize]] in Physics in 1965, toget

...ine]</ref> The Maxwell equations are still considered to be valid, even in quantum electrodynamics where the electromagnetic fields are reinterpreted as [[quantum mechanical

...was not exactly the case, and later this departure was calculated using [[quantum electrodynamics]].<ref name= Marciano>

...he [[gyromagnetic ratio]], and attempts to explain its origin based upon [[quantum electrodynamics]].

...ics]], and from developments in [[quantum field theory]], in particular, [[quantum electrodynamics]] and the [[Standard Model]] of particle physics.

...ectromagnetic field]] that determines the forces acting upon charges. In [[quantum electrodynamics]], these forces are mediated by [[photon]]s, uncharged, energetic particles ...tromagnetism regarding point charges and the structure of the electron. In quantum electrodynamics the resulting infinities are handled by a mathematical manipulation called

<td rowspan="3"> For quantum electrodynamics, with consequences for the physics of elementary particles

...g the opposite. However I did read somewhere (in a physical paper) that in quantum electrodynamics, a photon is always accompanied by a cloud of virtual particles, mostly ele