Ovary (human)

The human ovary is the femalegonad, and is an important part of the reproductive system. Ordinarily, women have a pair of ovaries. Situated in the pelvis, this pair of organs have a changing role throughout the lifespan. During the childbearing years, from menarche to menopause, the ovaries produce ovum, the mature egg cell that, if fertilized by a sperm cell, can develop into a baby. The ovaries also are a major source of the hormones estrogen and progesterone, that are produced in varying levels throughout the ovulatory cycle.

The ovaries in infancy and childhood

At birth, each ovary contains approximately 2 million follicles - most of them in the outer layer of the organ, which is called the cortex of the ovary. Each ovary is suspended with its respective fallopian tube in a flexble sheet of connective tissue that contains the arterial and venous vasculature that supply blood circulation to the organ.

The ovaries in adolescence

The ovaries undergo a major change with the coming of puberty. The initial period of the menstrual cycle, which ushers in the female milestone called menarche, is usually anovulatory - that is, no ovum are produced.

Ovarian failure: Menopause and after

At some point in the lifespan of every normal woman who ives long enough, the ovaries are said to "fail". This medical term has a harsh tone, but simply refers to the loss of the ovulatory cycle. With normal aging, the primordial follicle population continues to become smaller, and once the number of oocytes falls below a threshold population, then the menstrual cycle ceases and menopause occurs. "Premature ovarian failure, which is defined as cessation of menstruation (hypergonadotrophic amenorrhea) before the age of 40 years, occurs in up to 0.9% of women in the general population and has multiple causes."(Marhhom E. Cohen I. Fertility preservation options for women with malignancies. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 62(1):58-72, 2007 Jan. UI: 17176489).

As menopause approaches, the remaining functional life of the ovaries is referred to as "ovarian reserve". When ovarian reserve is high, then regular ovulation is likely. For women who have not conceived a child despite a year's attempt to do so, estimating ovarian reserve is part of an evaluation for infertility.

As the ovaries begin to decline in function, serum levels of FSH rise in the early part of the ovulatory cycle, because a higher level is needed to recruit follicles. On day 3 of the menstrual cycle, serum FSH levels are usually less than 10 mIU per ml. FSH levels that are more than 15 mIU per mL on day 3 suggest decreased ovarian reserve. Despite this, in clinical studies in which these "subfertile" women were compared to women with low values of FSH, both groups had successfu pregnancies without a significant difference in the percentage of each group who became pregnant. 9reference: Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 16(3):231-7, 2004 Jun. UI: 15129052). Apparently, the ovaries "turn off" in a sudden way, and up until that point provide adequate function for childbearing.

Having the last menstrual period before age 40 is considered pre-mature, and the average woman enters menopause at 50 -55 years of age. When menstrual periods continue past the age of , physicians recommend an evaluation to be sure that an endocrine abnormality is not present. Since the average lifespan of people is increasing, this means that women alive today have more years (on average) of post-menopausal life than did the women of centuries past. One of the major differences in a woman's body before and after menopause is in the level of estrogen, but there are additional hormonal changes. "By the time a woman is 65 years old, the ovary is virtually devoid of follicles [10,11] and is no longer the primary site of estradiol or progesterone synthesis". (reference:Wise PM. Krajnak KM. Kashon ML. Menopause: the aging of multiple pacemakers. Science. 273(5271):67-70, 1996 Jul 5. UI: 8658198). After menopause, the level of Leutinizing hormone (LH) rises.