User:Mal McKee/Irish Republican Army: Difference between revisions
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Actually a broad term encompassing both historical and factional organizations, the '''Irish Republican Army (IRA)''' includes various [[insurgency|insurgent]] groups beginning when [[Ireland (island)|Ireland]] was a | Actually a broad term encompassing both historical and factional organizations, the '''Irish Republican Army (IRA)''' includes various [[insurgency|insurgent]] groups beginning when the whole of [[Ireland (island)|Ireland]] was a part of the [[United Kingdom]], and latterly in the [[Ireland (state)|Republic of Ireland]] and in [[Northern Ireland]]. At various times and currently, different groups have claimed the title, resulting in various qualifiers such as Official IRA, Provisional IRA, Real IRA, Continuity IRA, etc. | ||
IRA groups variously have considered themselves subordinate to overt political organizations, or been autonomous movements of their own. | IRA groups variously have considered themselves subordinate to overt political organizations, or been autonomous movements of their own. | ||
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| title = Rebels: The Irish Rising of 1916 | | title = Rebels: The Irish Rising of 1916 | ||
| author = Peter De Rosa | | author = Peter De Rosa | ||
| publisher = Ballantine | year = 1992}}</ref> While the Irish Volunteers were not the only nationalist force, which arose from the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] (IRB), the original IRA can be traced most clearly to them. The IRB had been formed in 1858. <ref name=Coogan>{{citation | | publisher = Ballantine | year = 1992}}</ref> While the Irish Volunteers were not the only nationalist force, which arose from the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] (IRB), the original IRA can be traced most clearly to them. The IRB had been formed in 1858.<ref name=Coogan>{{citation | ||
|title = The IRA: A History | |title = The IRA: A History | ||
| author = Tim Pat Coogan | | author = Tim Pat Coogan | ||
| Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
===Provisional IRA=== | ===Provisional IRA=== | ||
===Real IRA=== | ===Real IRA=== | ||
The Real IRA (RIRA) group formed in Northern Ireland, from PIRA members who had rejected the 1998 peace process and continued fighting the British. Both the British and Irish governments consider it separate from the Provisional IRA. <ref name=NYT>{{citation | The Real IRA (RIRA) group formed in Northern Ireland, from PIRA members who had rejected the 1998 peace process and continued fighting the British. Both the British and Irish governments consider it separate from the Provisional IRA.<ref name=NYT>{{citation | ||
| date = August 19, 1998 | | date = August 19, 1998 | ||
| title = I.R.A. Splinter Group Says It Carried Out Bombing | | title = I.R.A. Splinter Group Says It Carried Out Bombing | ||
| Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
| publisher = RAND Corporation | year = 2004 | | publisher = RAND Corporation | year = 2004 | ||
| author = Kim Cragin and Sara A. Daly | | author = Kim Cragin and Sara A. Daly | ||
}}, p. 27</ref> The two were public members of a political organization called the Sovereignty Committee. <ref name=Guardian2001-03-30>{{citation | }}, p. 27</ref> The two were public members of a political organization called the Sovereignty Committee.<ref name=Guardian2001-03-30>{{citation | ||
| Special report, Northern Ireland: Dissident couple arrested | | Special report, Northern Ireland: Dissident couple arrested | ||
| author = Rosie Cowan | date = March 30, 2001 | | author = Rosie Cowan | date = March 30, 2001 | ||
| journal = Guardian | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2001/mar/30/northernireland.ireland{}}</ref> | | journal = Guardian | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2001/mar/30/northernireland.ireland{}}</ref> She was the sister of Bobby Sands, who was the first PIRA member to die as a result of a hunger strike, in 1981. They recruited a number of PIRA bomb-makers, and their operations have emphasized bombing rather than small unit combat.<ref name=Cragin /> The RIRA claimed responsibility for the Omagh bombing of August 1998,<ref name=CBC>{{citation | ||
| title = | IRA splinter group declares 'complete ceasefire' | | title = | IRA splinter group declares 'complete ceasefire' | ||
| date = November 13, 1998 | | date = November 13, 1998 | ||
| Line 37: | Line 37: | ||
| journal = BBC | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/northern_ireland/latest_news/154064.stm}}</ref> | | journal = BBC | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/northern_ireland/latest_news/154064.stm}}</ref> | ||
The RIRA has been designated a "foreign terrorist organization" by the U.S. government, beginning in 2001. <ref name=DOS>{{citation | The RIRA has been designated a "foreign terrorist organization" by the U.S. government, beginning in 2001.<ref name=DOS>{{citation | ||
| date = May 13, 2003 | | date = May 13, 2003 | ||
| author = Philip T. Reeker, Deputy Spokesman, [[U.S. Department of State]] | | author = Philip T. Reeker, Deputy Spokesman, [[U.S. Department of State]] | ||
Revision as of 15:33, 31 December 2009
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Actually a broad term encompassing both historical and factional organizations, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) includes various insurgent groups beginning when the whole of Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom, and latterly in the Republic of Ireland and in Northern Ireland. At various times and currently, different groups have claimed the title, resulting in various qualifiers such as Official IRA, Provisional IRA, Real IRA, Continuity IRA, etc.
IRA groups variously have considered themselves subordinate to overt political organizations, or been autonomous movements of their own.
Origins
Before any group called itself the IRA, there was the Irish Home Rule movement, opposed by the Protestant Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) that objected to Catholic-dominated, Irish nationalist Home Rule. Had there been no UVF and no opposition to Home Rule, the Irish Volunteers would not have had a motivation to conduct the Easter Rising of 1916.[1] While the Irish Volunteers were not the only nationalist force, which arose from the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), the original IRA can be traced most clearly to them. The IRB had been formed in 1858.[2]
Northern Ireland
Provisional IRA
Real IRA
The Real IRA (RIRA) group formed in Northern Ireland, from PIRA members who had rejected the 1998 peace process and continued fighting the British. Both the British and Irish governments consider it separate from the Provisional IRA.[3] According to the RAND Corporation, it was created by PIRA’s ex-quartermaster general, Michael McKevitt and his common-law wife Bernadette Sands-McKevitt.[4] The two were public members of a political organization called the Sovereignty Committee.[5] She was the sister of Bobby Sands, who was the first PIRA member to die as a result of a hunger strike, in 1981. They recruited a number of PIRA bomb-makers, and their operations have emphasized bombing rather than small unit combat.[4] The RIRA claimed responsibility for the Omagh bombing of August 1998,[6] which Sands-McKevitt condemned; she said she approved of the halt to violence of the RIRA and PIRA. [7]
The RIRA has been designated a "foreign terrorist organization" by the U.S. government, beginning in 2001.[8] "RIRA opposes compromise with the British government or with the Protestant unionist majority in Northern Ireland, which favors keeping Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom. Many of the attacks have coincided with the implementation of the new steps of the Good Friday Accord."
References
- ↑ Peter De Rosa (1992), Rebels: The Irish Rising of 1916, Ballantine
- ↑ Tim Pat Coogan (1993), The IRA: A History, Roberts Rinehart, pp. 3-5
- ↑ James F. Clarity (August 19, 1998), "I.R.A. Splinter Group Says It Carried Out Bombing", New York Times
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kim Cragin and Sara A. Daly (2004), The Dynamic Terrorist Threat: An Assessment of Group Motivations and Capabilities, RAND Corporation, p. 27
- ↑ Rosie Cowan (March 30, 2001), Guardian
- ↑ CBC News, November 13, 1998
- ↑ "Bobby Sands' sister condemns bombers", BBC, August 19, 1998
- ↑ Philip T. Reeker, Deputy Spokesman, U.S. Department of State (May 13, 2003), U.S. Redesignates Real IRA as Terrorist Organization