User:Daniel Mietchen/Sandbox/Popular Pages/1-250
From Citizendium, the Citizens' Compendium
< User:Daniel Mietchen | Sandbox | Popular Pages
- Welcome to Citizendium [r]: Add brief definition or description 652784
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Wikipedia [r]: An online encyclopedia in every major language, open to anonymous editing by anyone. [e] 9777
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Biology [r]: The science of life — of complex, self-organizing, information-processing systems living in the past, present or future. [e] 7417
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Astronomy [r]: The study of objects and processes in the observable universe, e.g. stars, planets, comets or asteroids. [e] 7384
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Mathematics [r]: The study of quantities, structures, their relations, and changes thereof. [e] 6082
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United States of America [r]: Constitutional republic in North America, has major land borders with Mexico and Canada. [e] 5676
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Life [r]: Living systems, of which biologists seek the commonalities distinguishing them from nonliving systems. [e] 5480
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Mitochondrion [r]: Structure, function, life cycle and evolutionary theories involving the origins and role of the mitochondrion. [e] 5056
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Wheat [r]: Grass crop grown worldwide and used in making flour and fermentation for alcohol production. [e] 4783
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History [r]: Study of past human events based on evidence such as written documents. [e] 4602
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Conventional coal-fired power plant [r]: An industrial plant which produces electricity by burning of coal and air in a steam generator that heats water to produce high pressure steam which then flows through a series of steam turbines that spin an electrical generator to generate electricity. [e] 4558
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Computer [r]: A machine that executes a sequence of instructions. [e] 4481
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Micrococcus luteus [r]: Gram positive, spherical, saprotrophic bacterium that belongs to the family Micrococcaceae, considered as an emerging nosocomial pathogen in immunocompromised patients. [e] 4330
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Bacillus megaterium [r]: One of the largest eubacteria; a rod shaped endospore-forming aerobic bacteria. [e] 4311
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Proteus mirabilis [r]: A Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria belonging to the enterobacteriaceae family; causes 90% of human infections with Proteus species, usually community-acquired [e] 4304
- Periodic Table of Elements [r]: A tabular method of displaying the chemical elements. [e] 4098
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Ku Klux Klan [r]: Add brief definition or description 4087
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Steel industry, history [r]: The story of development of one of the core technologies of the Industrial Revolution. [e] 4084
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Adolf Hitler [r]: (1889–1945) Politician in Germany; became 1921 Nazi Party leader, 1933 Reichskanzler (Chancellor), then 1934 as der Führer dictator before and during World War II. [e] 4043
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New York City [r]: The largest city in the United States of America and a world center of finance, commerce, communications, and the arts. [e] 4036
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Petroleum refining processes [r]: The chemical engineering processes used in petroleum refining. [e] 3920
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Compressibility factor (gases) [r]: A thermodynamic property for modifying the ideal gas law to account for behavior of real gases. [e] 3910
- Labor Unions, U.S., History [r]: Add brief definition or description 3877
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DNA [r]: A macromolecule — chemically, a nucleic acid — that stores genetic information. [e] 3864
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Chiropractic [r]: A complementary, alternative health-care profession that aims to heal using manual therapies on the spine and extremities. [e] 3863
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Amino acid [r]: Biochemical with an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain bonded to a central carbon. [e] 3787
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Music [r]: The art of structuring time by combining sound and silence into rhythm, harmonies and melodies. [e] 3696
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Linguistics [r]: The scientific study of language. [e] 3693
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World War I [r]: Massive international conflict involving the Allies and Central Powers between 1914-1918. [e] 3580
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Religion [r]: Belief in, and systems of, worshipful dedication to a superhuman power or belief in the ultimate nature of existence. [e] 3568
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Chemistry [r]: The science of matter, or of the electrical or electrostatical interactions of matter. [e] 3531
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Agriculture [r]: The process of producing food, feed, fiber and other goods by the systematic raising of plants and animals. [e] 3494
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Horizontal gene transfer [r]: Transfer of genetic material to a being other than one of the donor's offspring. [e] 3446
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Protein structure [r]: The structure of a protein, consisting of primary, secondary and tertiary structures. [e] 3398
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Steam generator [r]: A device that uses a heat source to boil liquid water and convert it into its vapor phase, referred to as steam. [e] 3396
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Proteus vulgaris [r]: Rod-shaped, Gram negative bacterium that inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, and known to cause urinary tract infections and wound infections. [e] 3366
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Physics [r]: The study of forces and energies in space and time. [e] 3351
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Citizendium [r]: On-line encyclopedia project: a wiki that allows registered, non-anonymous authors to edit any article, with the results approved by qualified editors. [e] 3264
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Philosophy [r]: The study of the meaning and justification of beliefs about the most general, or universal, aspects of things. [e] 3247
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Continuous distillation [r]: An ongoing separation process in which a liquid mixture of two or more miscible components is continuously fed into the process and physically separated into two or more products by preferentially boiling the more volatile (i.e., lower boiling point) components out of the mixture. [e] 3234
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History of economic thought [r]: the historical development of economic thinking. [e] 3217
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Woodrow Wilson [r]: 28th U.S. President (1913-1921); founded the Federal Reserve and brought his country to fight both the Mexicans in the Mexican Revolution and the Central Powers in World War One. [e] 3162
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Theodore Roosevelt [r]: (1858-1919), Twenty-sixth President of the United States, naturalist, historian, political reformer, and Progressive Era politician. [e] 3131
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Geography [r]: Study of the surface of the Earth and the activities of humanity upon it. [e] 3109
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Metabolism [r]: The modification of chemical substances by living organisms. [e] 2952
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Jesus [r]: Traveling preacher in first century CE, foundational figure in Christianity. [e] 2950
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Free statistical software [r]: This article briefly describes what free software is available for conducting statistical analysis of data. [e] 2886
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Vasco da Gama [r]: Portuguese explorer who established a sea route from Europe to India. [e] 2818
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Kingdom (biology) [r]: The second highest level taxon of organisms in scientific classification and biological taxonomy. [e] 2812
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Dog [r]: Domesticated canine often kept as a pet or as a working animal and known as 'man's best friend'. [e] 2763
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Infant growth and development [r]: Normal growth and development of infants measured within a set of height, weight, head circumference and other physical parameters, comparative to age. [e] 2757
- French fries/Gallery [r]: Add brief definition or description 2605
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Gasoline [r]: A fuel for spark-ignited internal combustion engines derived from petroleum crude oil. [e] 2597
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Staphylococcus aureus [r]: Facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive pathogenic coccus capable of producing suppurative lesions, furunculosis, pyemia, osteomyelitis, food poisoning, and may be resistant to commonly used antibiotics. [e] 2582
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Solar system [r]: The sun and the planets orbiting it. [e] 2558
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Engineering [r]: The profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to economically use the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind. [e] 2557
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Psychology [r]: The study of systemic properties of the brain and their relation to behaviour. [e] 2552
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Scientific method [r]: The concept of systematic inquiry based on hypotheses and their testing in light of empirical evidence. [e] 2533
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Cell membrane [r]: The outer surface of a cell which encloses its contents. [e] 2533
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Gas compressor [r]: A machine that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. [e] 2492
- Country/Catalogs [r]: Add brief definition or description 2485
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Operating system [r]: The main software of a computer system; controls the execution of applications and provides various services to them. [e] 2448
- M1 Abrams (tank) [r]: Heavily armed and armored but expensive and heavy, main battle tank, designed for the United States Army, and used by the United States Marine Corps and several allies; proven from the Gulf War onwards. [e] 2400
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Napoleon [r]: Noted military commander, world historic figure and dictator of France from 1799 to 1814 [e] 2377
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Vietnam War [r]: A post-colonial independence/Cold War conflict between communist North Vietnam against South Vietnam, assisted by the United States (1955-1975), to unify Vietnam; won by North Vietnam in 1975. [e] 2374
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Florence Nightingale [r]: British nursing pioneer (12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910). [e] 2367
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Law [r]: Body of rules of conduct of binding legal force and effect, prescribed, recognized, and enforced by a controlling authority. [e] 2360
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Vacuum distillation [r]: The laboratory or industrial-scale distillation of liquids performed at a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure. [e] 2339
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Income statement [r]: A document detailing the profit or loss of a business or person over a designated time period. [e] 2332
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Ancient Celtic music [r]: The music and instruments of the ancient Celts until late Antiquity. [e] 2331
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Vertebral subluxation [r]: Chiropractic concepts of health and wellness revolve around this model theory that makes the hypothesis that spinal function affects spinal nerves in such a fashion as to affect various aspects of health. [e] 2286
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Barbara McClintock [r]: (1902 – 1992) - American cytogeneticist who won a Nobel Prize in 1983 for the discovery of genetic transposition. [e] 2254
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Literature [r]: The profession of “letters” (from Latin litteras), and written texts considered as aesthetic and expressive objects. [e] 2252
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Franklin D. Roosevelt [r]: (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often called FDR, the President of the United States 1933 to 1945. [e] 2251
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Rottweiler [r]: A large breed of dog known for its great physical strength and strong protective instinct. [e] 2240
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Steam [r]: The vapor (or gaseous) phase of water (H2O). [e] 2230
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Progressive Era [r]: The period of political, administrative and social reform that began in the 1890s and ended after World War I. [e] 2225
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Articles of Confederation [r]: The first constitution of the United States of America. [e] 2209
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Hydrocarbons [r]: A class of molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. [e] 2194
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Euro [r]: The official currency of the European Monetary Union. [e] 2128
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Plato [r]: (circa 427-347 BCE) Ancient Greek philosopher, whose dialogues, supposedly recording conversations with Socrates, contain many of the debates central to Western philosophy. [e] 2084
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Albert Einstein [r]: 20th-century physicist who formulated the theories of relativity. [e] 2083
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Refineries [r]: Industrial manufacturing facilities composed of a group of chemical engineering unit processes and unit operations used for the conversion certain raw materials such as petroleum crude oil, mined ores, sugar or salt into finished products of value or for the refining and purification of partially converted raw materials into finished products. [e] 2080
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Anthropology [r]: The holistic study of humankind; from the Greek words anthropos ("human") and logia ("study"). [e] 2068
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Greek alphabet [r]: Set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC. [e] 2067
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Mashup [r]: An integrated application created by combining data and services of multiple applications. On the web, "mashup" typically refers to the combining of geographical location information with a service such as Google maps or Microsoft Virtual Earth. [e] 2066
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Printing press [r]: Device for making multiple paper copies of text, invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 1440s. [e] 2061
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Cell (biology) [r]: The basic unit of life, consisting of biochemical networks enclosed by a membrane. [e] 2056
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HIV test [r]: Tests used to detect the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus in serum, saliva, or urine, to detect HIV antibodies, antigens, or RNA. [e] 2049
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American Civil War [r]: Major war 1861-65 fought over slavery in which the U.S. defeated the secessionist Confederate States of America. [e] 2041
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India [r]: Republic in South Asia; the world's largest democracy. Borders Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, China, Nepal, Pakistan [e] 2029
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Fossilization (palaeontology) [r]: The set of geological processes that convert organic remains into fossils. [e] 2014
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United Kingdom [r]: Constitutional monarchy which includes England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. [e] 2009
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Henry Ford [r]: Founder of the Ford Motor Company. [e] 1995
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History of television technology [r]: Chronology of the development and history of television. [e] 1989
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Rectilinear angle (geometry) [r]: The 'steepness' between two straight lines. [e] 1989
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Petroleum crude oil [r]: A naturally occurring, flammable liquid found primarily in underground geological formations and consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights plus other organic compounds. [e] 1986
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War of 1812 [r]: A sideshow, 1812-1815, of the Napoleonic Wars, between the United States and Great Britain; Britain ignored American demands to end the impressment (seizure) of American sailors, interference with American maritime rights, and support for hostile Indians in the American West; the war was essentially a draw [e] 1984
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Federal Emergency Relief Administration [r]: The new name given by the Roosevelt Administration to the "Emergency Relief Administration" set up by Herbert Hoover in 1932. [e] 1977
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Drugs banned from the Olympics [r]: Substances prohibited for use by athletes prior to, and during competing in the Olympics. [e] 1925
- World War I, poison gas [r]: Any of various toxic gases sometimes used in warfare between 1914 - 1918 because of their poisonous or corrosive nature. [e] 1922
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China [r]: The most populous nation on Earth, third largest by area. [e] 1902
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Vinegar [r]: A dilute form of acetic acid used in the kitchen and elsewhere. [e] 1885
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Morphology (linguistics) [r]: The study of word structure; the study of such patterns of word-formation across and within languages, and attempts to explicate formal rules reflective of the knowledge of the speakers of those languages. [e] 1873
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Milky Way [r]: The Milky Way galaxy which contains our solar system. [e] 1869
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South Africa [r]: The southernmost African nation; population about 50,000,000. [e] 1864
- Scientific method/Draft [r]: Add brief definition or description 1856
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Industrial Revolution [r]: A period of major economic transformation in Britain from the 1750s to the 1830s, characterized by the growth of a new system comprising factories, railroads, coal mining and business enterprises using new technologies. [e] 1854
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Synapse [r]: Contact point between neurons and other cells, crucial for nerve signalling [e] 1851
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Fermentation (biochemistry) [r]: The process of deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds, such as carbohydrates, using an endogenous electron acceptor, which is usually an organic compound. [e] 1841
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Pseudoscience [r]: Any theory, or system of theories, that is deceptively claimed to be scientific. [e] 1833
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Programming language [r]: A formal language specification, and programs for translating the formal language to machine code. [e] 1831
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Australia [r]: Continent in the Southern Hemisphere and the federal parliamentary nation that occupies it. [e] 1823
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Joseph Stalin [r]: (1878 - 1953) The head of Russia's Communist ("Bolshevik") party and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death. [e] 1822
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Snake venom [r]: Highly modified toxic saliva containing hydrolithic enzymes, polypeptide complexs, nucleases, and peptidases, that is produced by special glands of certain species of snakes. [e] 1807
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Populist Party [r]: An American third party that flourished 1890-96 carrying several states in the 1892 election; in 1896 endorsed the Democratic party candidate, William Jennings Bryan. [e] 1805
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England [r]: The largest and southernmost country in the United Kingdom, and location of the largest city and seat of government, London; population about 51,000,000. [e] 1803
- Tennis/Catalogs/Famous players [r]: Add brief definition or description 1782
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Health science [r]: The helping professions that use applied science to improve health and to treat disease. [e] 1778
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Critical views of chiropractic [r]: An indepth discussion of the aspects of chiropractic that define its position in the modern healthcare arena with special emphasis on those related to its role in alternative medicine. [e] 1774
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Communication [r]: The set of interactive processes that create shared meaning. [e] 1772
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George Washington [r]: First President of the United States (1789-1797) and commander in chief of the Continental Army. [e] 1764
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Union Blockade [r]: The closing of Confederate ports by the Union Navy 1861-1865, during the American Civil War. [e] 1754
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Microsporum canis [r]: Fungus that causes dermatophytosis (ringworm) in dogs and cats. [e] 1751
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Otto von Bismarck [r]: German statesman who led Prussia, was the architect of a unified Germany and served as its first chancellor. [e] 1749
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Ammonia production [r]: The processes for the manufacture of hydrogen (H2) and ammonia (NH3). [e] 1745
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Winston Churchill [r]: (1874 -1965) WWI Colonial Secretary and First Lord of the Admiralty; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom who led Britain to victory over Nazi Germany in World War II; Nobel Prize in Literature as a historian [e] 1718
- U.S. foreign policy/Timelines [r]: Add brief definition or description 1718
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Taxon [r]: Any group or rank categorised in the classification of organisms, e.g., class, order, family. [e] 1717
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Spherical polar coordinates [r]: Angular coordinates on a sphere: longitude angle φ, colatitude angle θ [e] 1698
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Republicanism, U.S. [r]: The guiding political value system of the United States. [e] 1673
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BMW motorcycles [r]: Motorcycles produced by the German company BMW, part of its Corporate and Brand Development division called Motorrad, since 1923. [e] 1670
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Nuclear chemistry [r]: Subfield of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes and nuclear properties. [e] 1670
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Autism [r]: Developmental disability that results from a disorder of the human central nervous system. [e] 1668
- U.S. Republican Party, history [r]: Add brief definition or description 1667
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Death [r]: State of thermodynamic equilibrium achieved after the end of life. [e] 1667
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Politics [r]: Activity that relates to the way in which society is governed, and the process by which human beings living in communities make decisions and establish obligatory values for its members. [e] 1666
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Democratic-Republican Party [r]: A United States political party during the First Party System, 1792-1820s, founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. [e] 1660
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World War II [r]: War between the Allies (most notably the UK, US and Soviet Union) and the Axis (principally Germany and Japan) 1939–1945. [e] 1657
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Homeostasis (biology) [r]: The coordinated physiological reactions which maintain most of the steady states in an organism. [e] 1638
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Glycolysis [r]: A biochemical pathway by which a molecule of glucose is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvate. [e] 1637
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William Jennings Bryan [r]: (March 19, 1860 – July 26, 1925) American politician, Democratic presidential nominee and lawyer in the Scopes Trial. [e] 1636
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Cosmetic surgery [r]: Surgery in which the principal purpose is to improve the appearance, usually with the connotation of beautification. [e] 1634
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Antoine equation [r]: A mathematical expression (derived from the Clausius-Clapeyron equation) of the relation between the vapor pressure and the temperature of pure substances. [e] 1632
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Earth's atmosphere [r]: An envelope of gas that surrounds the Earth and extends from the Earth's surface out thousands of kilometres, becoming increasingly thinner (less dense) with distance but always held in place by Earth's gravitational pull. [e] 1630
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Child abuse [r]: The act of intentionally harming a child, or the results of that act. [e] 1627
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9-11 Attack [r]: The largest terrorist attack on the continental United States, occurring on September 11, 2001, using hijacked airliners as suicide weapons against major buildings. [e] 1623
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Coal mining [r]: A term that encompasses the various methods used to extract the carbon-containing rock called coal from the ground. [e] 1616
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Led Zeppelin [r]: Famous and influential English hard rock and blues group formed in 1968, known for their albums Led Zeppelin IV and Physical Graffiti, and songs 'Stairway to Heaven' and 'Whole Lotta Love'. [e] 1601
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Bacteria [r]: A major group of single-celled microorganisms. [e] 1589
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Herpes [r]: Diseases caused by the herpes simplex virus. [e] 1586
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Complex number [r]: Numbers of the form a+bi, where a and b are real numbers and i denotes a number satisfying
. [e] 1584
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William Shakespeare [r]: (1564- 1616) English poet and playwright. [e] 1578
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Classics [r]: A branch of the Humanities dealing with language, literature, history, art, and other aspects of the ancient Mediterranean world. [e] 1573
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Linux [r]: A free and open source operating system kernel designed by Linus Torvalds. The kernel is typically augmented by a plethora of other software, creating a Linux distribution. [e] 1566
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Oxidative stress [r]: An imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or easily repair the resulting damage. [e] 1565
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Hobby [r]: Pastime, avocation, para-profession or part time occupation. [e] 1559
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Tony Blair [r]: Former Labour Party politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1997-2007). [e] 1559
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Natural selection [r]: The differential survival and/or reproduction of classes of entities that differ in one or more characteristics [e] 1559
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Gamma function [r]: A mathematical function that extends the domain of factorials to non-integers. [e] 1558
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IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry [r]: A systematic way of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). [e] 1553
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Mission San Juan Capistrano [r]: A former religious outpost established in 1776 on the west coast of North America in the present-day State of California by Roman Catholics of the Franciscan Order under the direction of the Spanish crown. [e] 1552
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Canada [r]: The world's second-largest country by total area, occupying most of northern North America; officially a bilingual nation, in English and French (population approx. 27 million). [e] 1550
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Spanish language [r]: A Romance language widely spoken in Spain, its current and former territories, and the United States of America. [e] 1540
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Potassium in nutrition and human health [r]: Role of dietary potassium and its associated bicarbonate-generating organic ions in human physiology and in preventive and therapeutic medicine. [e] 1539
- Chiropractic/Draft [r]: Add brief definition or description 1538
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Baha'i Faith [r]: A monotheistic religion founded in the mid-19th century in Persia, which emphasizes the unity of all humans as one race and prior religions as all being legitimate revelations from God. [e] 1537
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WPA [r]: Add brief definition or description 1536
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BBC [r]: British state-owned radio and TV broadcasting organization founded in 1922 under Lord John Reith. [e] 1534
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Great Depression, Canada [r]: The Great Depression as it affected Canada in the years between 1929 and 1939. [e] 1534
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Unix directory structure [r]: A convention of the organization of the directory structure in Unix-like operating systems. [e] 1524
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Archaeology [r]: The scientific study of past human cultures by means of the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data. [e] 1523
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MediaWiki [r]: Wiki engine used to power Wikipedia and Citizendium; open source and written in PHP. [e] 1520
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Hypertension [r]: A multisystem disease whose hallmark is the elevation of blood pressure. [e] 1515
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Dwight D. Eisenhower [r]: (1890-1969) A career soldier who was the top Allied commander in Europe in World War II, and who later served as the 34th president of the United States (1953-1961). [e] 1510
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Neanderthal [r]: Extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from Pleistocene specimens found in Europe and parts of western and central Asia. [e] 1498
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Pedophilia [r]: Clinical diagnosis characterized by frequent and intense sexual urges directed towards prepubescent children. [e] 1497
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Souders-Brown equation [r]: An equation for obtaining the maximum allowable vapor velocity in vapor-liquid separation vessels, industrial distillation columns and other vapor-liquid contactors. [e] 1490
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Chester A. Arthur [r]: The 21st President of the United States. [e] 1489
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Cat colors [r]: The range of colors and patterns exhibited in the coats of cats. [e] 1479
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Venereal disease [r]: Infections spread through sexual contact. [e] 1476
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C (programming language) [r]: General-purpose procedural programming language developed in 1972. [e] 1475
- National Socialism [r]: The totalitarian ideology espoused by Adolf Hitler and the German Nazi Party; its program was first stated formally in 1920, drafted by Hitler, Gottfried Feder and Anton Drexler [e] 1469
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Library science [r]: The study of issues related to libraries and the information fields. [e] 1463
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Great Depression [r]: the severe downturn in economic activity that started in 1929 in Germany and the United States and affected many other countries. [e] 1461
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Marxist Socialism [r]: Refers to a Marxian school of economics which emerged soon after Marx's death, led by his companions and co-writers, Friedrich Engels and Karl Kautsky. [e] 1459
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Roman Empire [r]: The period from the ascension of Augustus Caesar to the fall of the Empire. [e] 1458
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New Deal Coalition [r]: The alignment of interest groups and voting blocks who supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until approximately 1966. [e] 1457
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Stroke [r]: A sudden loss of brain function due to interrupted blood supply. [e] 1448
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Andrew Carnegie [r]: 1835-1919, Scottish-American steel maker, philanthropist and peace activist [e] 1445
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Nasal fracture [r]: Fracture of the bone or cartilage of the nose. [e] 1445
- Pittsburgh, History since 1800 [r]: Add brief definition or description 1441
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French language [r]: A Romance language spoken in northwestern Europe (mainly in France, Belgium, Switzerland), in Canada and in many other countries. [e] 1437
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Cryptography [r]: A field at the intersection of mathematics and computer science that is concerned with the security of information, typically the confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of some message. [e] 1430
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Organic chemistry [r]: The scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen, which may contain any number of other elements. [e] 1429
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Human spine [r]: The part of the human body which is composed of the nerves of the spinal cord and its protective covering; the vertebral column or backbone. [e] 1427
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Guadalcanal campaign [r]: The first Allied offensive campaign of the Pacific theater in WWII, fought August 7, 1942 and February 9, 1943; Allied victory [e] 1427
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Deconfliction [r]: The process of avoiding mutual interference, or destruction, among resources under one's control [e] 1425
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Process flow diagram [r]: A diagram commonly used by chemical engineers in the process engineering of petroleum refineries, natural gas processing plants, petrochemical and chemical plants and other industrial facilities to indicate the general flow of plant process streams and equipment. [e] 1421
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Horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes [r]: Horizontal gene transfer (HGT; also called lateral gene transfer, LGT) is defined as movement of genes between different species, or across broad taxonomic categories. Prokaryotes are cells, such as bacteria, that do not have a nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrae. Their DNA is in a region of the cell called the nucleiod, or nucleus-like material. [e] 1419
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Joan of Arc [r]: A French peasant girl (ca. 1412 – 1431) who led her nation's armies during the Hundred Years' War and became a national heroine and saint. [e] 1410
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Jane Addams [r]: (1860-1935) A pioneer American settlement worker and founder of Hull House. [e] 1409
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Intelligent design [r]: Claim that fundamental features of the universe and living things are best explained by purposeful causation. [e] 1407
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Antitrust [r]: a policy to limit or prevent the creation of monopoly power and to preserve competition by regulating business conduct. [e] 1403
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Life expectancy [r]: A concept in demography that measures the mean number of years of life for babies born in a specified year. [e] 1392
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Petroleum naphtha [r]: An intermediate hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the refining of petroleum crude oil and which may be further processed to obtain a gasoline blending component. [e] 1388
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Cat [r]: A feline, particularly the domesticated feline, Felis catus, a small carnivorous mammal. [e] 1385
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Transgenic plant [r]: Plants that have been genetically modified by inserting genes directly into a single plant cell, from a different species. [e] 1384
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Heat of vaporization [r]: The amount of thermal energy required to convert a quantity of liquid into a vapor. [e] 1379
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Industrial cooling tower [r]: Heat rejection systems used primarily to provide circulating cooling water in large industrial facilities. [e] 1379
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Theory of divine origin of the state [r]: Political and religious doctrine which asserts that the state is established by God, who rules the state directly or indirectly through someone regarded as an agent. [e] 1379
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Economics [r]: The analysis of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. [e] 1378
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Prime number [r]: A number that can be evenly divided by exactly two positive whole numbers, namely one and itself. [e] 1378
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Critical period hypothesis [r]: Hypothesis which claims that there is an ideal 'window' of time to acquire language in a linguistically rich environment, after which this is no longer possible. [e] 1365
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RNA interference [r]: Process that inhibits the flow of genetic information to protein synthesis. [e] 1365
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Acetone [r]: An aprotic colorless solvent widely used in organic chemistry reactions and the main ingredient in many fingernail polish removers. [e] 1361
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Julius Caesar [r]: Roman general and politician who conquered Gaul, won a civil war, and was assassinated in 44BC. [e] 1361
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Brain [r]: The core unit of a central nervous system. [e] 1360
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Japan [r]: East Asian country of about 3,000 islands; one of the world's largest economies; population about 125,000,000. [e] 1359
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Crystal Palace [r]: A glass and iron structure built to house the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park, London, in 1851. It was moved and rebuilt on Sydenham Hill in 1854 but was destroyed by fire in 1936. [e] 1356
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Aristotle [r]: (384-322 BCE) Ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, and one of the most influential figures in the western world between 350 BCE and the sixteenth century. [e] 1356
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Human anatomy [r]: The study of shapes and structures of and within the human body. [e] 1356
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Michael Faraday [r]: (1791 – 1867) Was an English physicist and chemist whose best known work was on the closely connected phenomena of electricity and magnetism; his discoveries lead to the electrification of industrial societies. [e] 1353
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Edinburgh [r]: The capital of Scotland. [e] 1349
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Thomas Jefferson [r]: (1743-1826) Third President of the United States; author of the Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom; father of the University of Virginia [e] 1345
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Avogadro's number [r]: The number of atoms in 12 gram of carbon-12 atoms in their ground state at rest. [e] 1337
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Syllable [r]: Unit of organisation in phonology that divides speech sounds or sign language movements into groups to which phonological rules may apply. [e] 1334
- French words in English/Catalogs [r]: Add brief definition or description 1332
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U.S. House of Representatives [r]: The lower house of the United States Congress. [e] 1330
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Harry S. Truman [r]: (1884-1972) President of the U.S. from 1945 to 1953. [e] 1324
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Augustin-Louis Cauchy [r]: (1789 – 1857) prominent French mathematician, one of the pioneers of rigor in mathematics and complex analysis. [e] 1322
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René Descartes [r]: French 17th-century philosopher, mathematician and scientist, author of the Discourse on Method. [e] 1322
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Pornography [r]: Visual, textual, or multimedia content intended to generate sexual interest [e] 1319
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Histone [r]: Proteins essential for packaging DNA into chromatin and a scaffold for methylation and acetylation modifications that are part of the chromatin code. [e] 1318
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Serratia marcescens [r]: Pathogenic Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae, involved in nosocomial infections, particularly catheter-associated bacteremia, urinary tract infections and wound infections. [e] 1317
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Osama bin Laden [r]: Radical jihadist who, with Ayman al-Zawahiri, founded a group known as al-Qaeda, which is credited with a series of terrorist attacks. [e] 1317
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Crusades [r]: Medieval wars of religion fought by Christians, the most famous being in the Holy Land. [e] 1315
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Kernig's and Brudzinski's signs [r]: Techniques used, as a part of a physical examination, usually when the patient complains of a "stiff neck", to elicit specific signs suggestive of meningitis [e] 1315
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Reflux (distillation) [r]: A distillation technique involving the condensation of the distilled product vapors and the return of a portion of the condensate to the distillation system from which it originated. [e] 1314
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Hippocrates [r]: (c. 460 – 370 BCE) A physician, who revolutionized the practice of medicine by transforming it from its mythical, superstitious, magical and supernatural roots to a science based on observation and reason. [e] 1309
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New Deal [r]: The name President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave to the series of programs between 1933–1938 with the goal of relief, recovery and reform of the United States economy during the Great Depression. [e] 1307
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Asphalt (petroleum) [r]: A sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present in most petroleum crude oils and in some natural deposits. [e] 1300
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Central processing unit [r]: The component in an electronic computer that performs all the active processing of its programming directions, and manipulation of data; this includes performing calculations on numbers, and determining which particular steps to perform. [e] 1299
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Second language acquisition [r]: Process by which people learn a second language in addition to their native language(s), where the language to be learned is often referred to as the 'target language'. [e] 1293
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Plant breeding [r]: The purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create desired genotypes and phenotypes for specific purposes, such as food production, forestry, and horticulture. [e] 1292
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First language acquisition [r]: Study of the processes through which humans acquire language, specifically first languages, which studies infants' acquisition of their native language. [e] 1291
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Herbert Hoover [r]: US President from 1929 to 1933. [e] 1289
- Prohibition of alcohol, United States [r]: The period, from 1920 to 1933, in which the production, transportation, and distribution of alcohol was banned in the United States. [e] 1286
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Conservapedia [r]: Conservative wiki encyclopedia project founded by Andrew Schlafly as an alternative to Wikipedia and its "liberal bias", instead preferring conservative Christian and Republican Party viewpoints. [e] 1286
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Pilus [r]: Hairlike appendage found on the surface of many Gram-negative bacteria, shorter, thinner and straighter than flagella. [e] 1285