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Parent topics

• United States cabinet [r]: The most senior committee of the executive branch of the United States government. [e]
• U.S. foreign policy [r]: The foreign relations and diplomacy of the United States since 1775. [e]

Subtopics

Secretaries and other leaders

• U.S. Secretary of State [r]: Add brief definition or description

• Dean Acheson [r]: An American diplomat (1893-1971) primarily responsible for shaping foreign policy during the Truman administration and early Cold War. [e]
• Madeleine Albright [r]: Former U.S. Secretary of State; Director, Council on Foreign Relations; Principal, The Albright Group LLC [e]
• John Quincy Adams [r]: (1767-1848) was the sixth president of the United States (1825-1829), and the son of President John Adams (1797-1801). [e]
• James G. Blaine [r]: GOP presidential candidate in 1884; politician of the American Civil War, Reconstruction and Gilded Age eras. [e]
• John C. Calhoun [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Henry Clay [r]: Whig Party leader, 3-time failed presidential candidate, and broker of North/South compromises that held the Union together. [e]
• Hillary Clinton [r]: U.S. Secretary of State since January 2009; Democratic Party contender for the presidential nomination, 2008; former First Lady (born 1947). [e]
• John Foster Dulles [r]: U.S. Secretary of State during most of the Eisenhower administration; adamant about containment of, rather than compromise with, Communists. Allen Dulles was his brother and Director of Central Intelligence [e]
• John Hay [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Charles Evans Hughes [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Cordell Hull [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Thomas Jefferson [r]: (1743-1826) Third President of the United States and author of the Declaration of Independence. [e]
• Henry Kissinger [r]: (1923—) American academic, diplomat, and simultaneously Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and Secretary of State in the Nixon Administration; promoted realism (foreign policy) and détente with China and the Soviet Union; shared 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for ending the Vietnam War; Director, Atlantic Council [e]
• James Madison [r]: (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836), An American politician, political theorist, Secretary of State, fourth President of the United States of America (1809–1817) and one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. [e]
• George C. Marshall [r]: Army Chief of Staff (WWII), Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense (Korean War)and sponsor of the Marshall Plan. [e]
• James Monroe [r]: (1758-1831) The fifth president of the United States (1817-1825), best known for sponsoring the Monroe Doctrine, and for presiding over a lessening of partisan tensions known as the "Era of Good Feelings." [e]
• Colin Powell [r]: A retired general in the United States Army who served in high political office, first African-American to be Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and U.S. Secretary of State; minimally partisan although he considered himself a moderate Republican, not a neoconservative [e]
• Condoleeza Rice [r]: Academic political scientist, then Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and U.S. Secretary of State in the George W. Bush Administration [e]
• Elihu Root [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Dean Rusk [r]: United States Secretary of State from 1961 to 1968 in the Administrations of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, with extensive Asian experience and a strong advocate of U.S. resistance to Communism in Southeast Asia [e]
• William Seward [r]: Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln; survived assassination attempt; supervised the purchase of Alaska (called "Seward's Folly") [e]
• Daniel Webster [r]: Leading American politician of the antebellum Whig Party, famous for his oratory, his legal and diplomatic skills, and his efforts to prevent the Civil War in the name of American nationalism. [e]

Deputy Secretaries

• Lawrence Eagleburger [r]: President of Kissinger Associates and protege of Henry Kissinger; Member, Iraq Study Group; Foreign Service Officer who served as Deputy Secretary of State and Acting U.S. Secretary of State [e]
• Richard Armitage [r]: A U.S. foreign policy specialist, first a U.S. Navy officer in the Vietnam War, who rose to positions including Deputy Secretary of State in the first term of the George W. Bush Administration; board, International Crisis Group [e]
• John Negroponte [r]: A career U.S. diplomat now on the faculty of Yale University, whose tenure included Ambassadorships to Iraq, the United Nations, Honduras, and Mexico and serving as Director of National Intelligence [e]

Under Secretary for Political Affairs

• Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs [r]: Third-ranking official of the U.S. Department of State, reserved for a career Foreign Service Officer; incumbent is William Burns [e]
• William Burns [r]: Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs in the Barack Obama administration [e]
• George Ball [r]: Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, who regularly advised against escalation in the Vietnam War, believing it detracted from U.S. priorities in Europe [e]

Counselor

• Wendy Sherman [r]: Principal of The Albright Group LLC, an investment advisory firm focused on emerging markets; member of the Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism; Advisory Council of the Center for a New American Security, member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Aspen Strategy Group, US-India Strategic Dialogue, Australian American Leadership Dialogue. director of Oxfam America; previously Counselor of the U.S. Department of State [e]

Policy Planning Staff

• Policy Planning Staff [r]: An organization in the U.S. Department of State, principally assisting the Secretary with long-term planning, liaison with outside experts, and bringing dissenting views to high-level officials [e]

• Robert Bowie [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Stephen Bosworth [r]: Add brief definition or description
• William Cargo [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Gregory Craig [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Zbigniew Brzezinski [r]: Counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies; member, international advisory board, Atlantic Council; board, International Crisis Group; advisor, Partnership for a Secure America; Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs for Jimmy Carter [e]
• David Gordon [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Richard Haass [r]: President, Council on Foreign Relations; former chief, Policy Planning Staff, U.S. Department of State; senior director for Near East and South Asian affairs on the staff of the National Security Council in the George H. W. Bush Administration; former vice president of the Brookings Institution [e]
  • Meghan O'Sullivan [r]: Professor of International Affairs at the Harvard University Belfer Center; previously consultant to then-U.S. Ambassador to Iraq Ryan Crocker, on the National Security Council, Coalition Provisional Authority, Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance, and the Policy Planning Staff of the U.S. Department of State [e]
• Morton Halperin [r]: Advisory council, J Street; former Director of Policy Planning Staff [e]
• George Kennan [r]: United States diplomat, authority on Soviet thinking, and head of the Policy Planning Staff of the United States Department of State. [e]
• Stephen Krasner [r]: Member, International Security Advisory Board, United States Department of State; Board member, United States Institute of Peace; former director of Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law, Stanford University, former deputy director of FSI, Graham H. Stuart Professor of International Relations at Stanford University; Director of Policy Planning Staff 2005-2007 [e]
• Anthony Lake [r]: Board of Trustees, Freedom House; Advisor, Partnership for a Secure America; Director, Atlantic Council; Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs in the Bill Clinton administration; nomination for Director of Central Intelligence was withdrawn [e]
• Samuel Lewis [r]: Member of U.S. Advisory Council of the Israel Policy Forum; Diplomats and Military Commanders for Change (2004); director of State Department Policy Planning Staff, 1993-94; U.S. Ambassador to Israel, 1977-1985 [e]
• Winston Lord [r]: Add brief definition or description
• George McGhee [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Paul Nitze [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Henry Owen [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Mitchell Reiss [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Peter Rodman [r]: (1943-2008); former senior fellow, Brookings Institution; Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (2001-2007); Director of National Security Programs at the Nixon Center for Peace & Freedom 1986-2001; Director Policy Planning Staff (1984-1986), and was Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from 1986-1990 under Presidents Reagan and G.H.W. Bush; Henry Kissinger protege [e]
• Dennis Ross [r]: Special assistant to President Barack Obama and senior director of the Central Region on the National Security Council staff, who has served in the Carter, George W. Bush, Reagan and Clinton Administrations; former Ziegler Fellow, Washington Institute for Near East Policy; Board of Editors, Middle East Quarterly [e]
• Walt Rostow [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Anne-Marie Slaughter [r]: Director of the Policy Planning Staff of the Obama administration, on leave from an international relations professorship at Princeton University; board of Council on Foreign Relations; Director, Atlantic Council [e]
• Gerard Smith [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Richard Solomon [r]: President and board member ex officio of United States Institute of Peace since 1993; Assistant Secretary of state for East Asian and Pacific Affairs [e]
• James Steinberg [r]: Add brief definition or description
• James Sutterlin [r]: Add brief definition or description
• Paul Wolfowitz [r]: An American political scientist and policy-level foreign affairs official, of a neoconservative ideology; resident American Enterprise Institute and on International Security Advisory Board; Deputy Secretary of Defense in the George W. Bush Administration; advisor, Project for the New American Century [e]

East Asian and Pacific Affairs

• William Bundy [r]: Central Intelligence Agency officer who, who shifted to the Department of Defense during the John F. Kennedy administration, and then became Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs during the Lyndon B. Johnson administration. [e]
• Christopher R. Hill [r]: U.S. Ambassador to Iraq as of April 2009, following service as Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs; he was chief US negotiator at the Six-Party Talks over North Korean nuclear weapons [e]
• Kurt Campbell [r]: Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian Affairs in the Obama Administration; co-founder of the Center for a New American Security [e]

Near Eastern Affairs

Bureau of Intelligence and Research

• Bureau of Intelligence and Research [r]: A purely analytical part of the United States intelligence community that specializes in studies that directly assist diplomacy, and also address issues of political geography [e]

• Roger Hilsman [r]: Add brief definition or description

Counterterrorism

• Dell Dailey [r]: Currently Counterterrorism Coordinator for the U.S. Department of State, a retired U.S. Army lieutenant general whose career was spent in special operations [e]

United States Information Agency

• United States Information Agency [r]: Originally an independent agency for white propaganda, now the organization for worldwide communication of official U.S. government positions, in the U.S. Department of State [e]

Diplomats

• Averell Harriman [r]: American diplomat who served as Asistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs between 1961 and 1963, and then headed the overt U.S. delegation to the Paris Peace Talks while the serious secret negotiations took place between Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho. Known as "the alligator" for his approach to discussion inside the U.S. government. [e]

Other related topics

Influential think tanks

• Brookings Institution [r]: Generally considered neutral in its overall output, a large think tank in Washington, D.C. [e]
• Center for a New American Security [r]: A fairly new national security think tank, the founders of which are now in the Obama administration; some of the new senior members have significant field counterinsurgency experience [e]
• Center for Strategic and International Studies [r]: A bipartisan U.S. think tank that does research and policy recommendations in international affairs, headquartered in Washington, D.C. [e]
• Council on Foreign Relations [r]: An influential "think tank", publisher, and facilitator of communications in international relations; based in the US but with an international membership and not associated with a specific ideology [e]
• Foreign Policy Research Institute [r]: An education and research center founded in 1955, with mission to “bringing the insights of scholarship to bear on the development of policies that advance U.S. national interests"; its activities include the preparation of general educational material for school use [e]
• Hudson Institute [r]: A US think tank emphasizing futures studies, nonpartisan but conservative-leaning [e]
• Project for the New American Century [r]: neoconservative think tank and interest group, formed, in its words, to promote the foreign policy principles of the Reagan Administration: "a military that is strong and ready to meet both present and future challenges; a foreign policy that boldly and purposefully promotes American principles abroad; and national leadership that accepts the United States' global responsibilities;" actively supported regime change and preventive war in the Middle East [e]

Policy disputes

• Vietnam War [r]: A post-colonial independence/Cold War conflict between communist North Vietnam against South Vietnam, assisted by the United States (1955-1975), to unify Vietnam; won by North Vietnam in 1975. [e]
• Iraq War [r]: Invasion of Iraq by a coalition of countries, led by the United States, in 2003, and subsequent occupation [e]
  • Coalition Provisional Authority [r]: The initial U.S. civilian governmental body, carrying out, in Iraq, the role of Occupying Power as defined in the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions [e]