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- Adenorhinos [r]: A monotypic genus created for A. barbouri, a venomous viper species found only in Tanzania. [e]
- Alipiopsitta xanthops (Yellow-faced Parrot) [r]: A species of the genus Alipiopsitta, found in the cerrado region of Brazil and adjacent Bolivia. [e]
- Ara autocthones (Saint Croix Macaw) [r]: an extinct species of bird in the parrot family that was found on the island of Saint Croix, in the Virgin Islands [e]
- Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale Cress) [r]: A small flowering plant widely used by plant biologists as a model organism for basic research. It is a dicotyledonous species and a member of the Brassicaceae or mustard family. [e]
- Asplenium scolopendrium [r]: Hart's tongue fern, a species of fern easily recognized by its large tongue-shaped leaves. [e]
- Atheris anisolepis [r]: Venomous viper of west central Africa (Gabon, Congo, and Angola). [e]
- Atheris ceratophora [r]: Venomous viper species limited to Tanzanian mountain ranges. The only horned, arboreal viper in Africa. [e]
- Atheris chlorechis [r]: Venomous bush viper species found only in West African forests. [e]
- Atheris desaixi [r]: Venomous viper species endemic to Kenya, with two isolated populations, with striking black and yellow coloration. [e]
- Atheris hispida [r]: Venomous viper found in Central Africa with extremely keeled scales and an almost bristly appearance. [e]
- Atheris katangensis [r]: Venomous bush viper endemic to Congo; smallest member (< 40 cm) of genus Atheris. [e]
- Atheris nitschei rungweensis [r]: African venomous viper subspecies found in Tanzania, Zambia and Malawi. [e]
- Atheris nitschei [r]: Venomous bush viper found from Uganda and DR Congo in the north to northern Malawi in the south. [e]
- Atheris squamigera [r]: Venomous viper species found in west and central Africa. [e]
- Atheris [r]: A genus of venomous vipers found only found in tropical subsaharan Africa, excluding southern Africa. [e]
- Australopithecus africanus [r]: A species of early hominin. [e]
- Azemiopinae [r]: One of the most primitive vipers, found in mountains of China, Tibet and Vietnam. [e]
- Barnardius zonarius [r]: A parrot native to all mainland Australian states. [e]
- Bitis arietans somalica [r]: A venomous member of the genus Bitis, found only in Somalia, eastern Ethiopia and northern Kenya. [e]
- Bitis arietans [r]: A venomous member of the Bitis genus, found in savannah and grasslands from Morocco and western Arabia throughout Africa except for the Sahara and rain forest regions. [e]
- Bitis atropos [r]: A venomous member of the genus Bitis, found only in three mountainous regions in southern Africa. [e]
- Bitis caudalis [r]: A venomous member of the genus Bitis, found in the arid region of south-west Africa. [e]
- Bitis cornuta albanica [r]: Venomous viper subspecies[4] restricted to eastern and southern Cape Province in South Africa. [e]
- Bitis cornuta [r]: A venomous member of the genus Bitis, found in certain rocky desert areas, mostly along the Atlantic coast of southern Africa. [e]
- Bitis gabonica rhinoceros [r]: A venomous member of the genus Bitis and a sub-species of the viper family, found in West Africa. [e]
- Bitis gabonica [r]: A venomous member of the genus Bitis, found in the rainforests and savannas of Sub-Saharan Africa. [e]
- Bitis heraldica [r]: A venomous member of the genus Bitis, found only in Angola. [e]
- Bitis inornata [r]: A venomous member of the genus Bitis, found only in Cape Province, South Africa. [e]
- Bitis nasicornis [r]: A venomous member of the genus Bitis, found in the forests of West and Central Africa. [e]
- Bitis parviocula [r]: A venomous member of the genus Bitis, found only in south-west Ethiopia. [e]
- Bitis peringueyi [r]: A venomous member of the genus Bitis, found in Namibia and southern Angola. [e]
- Bitis rubida [r]: A venomous viper species found only in Western Cape Province, South Africa. [e]
- Bitis schneideri [r]: A venomous viper species found in a small coastal region straddling the border between Namibia and South Africa. [e]
- Bitis worthingtoni [r]: A venomous viper species found only in the high central Rift Valley of Kenya. [e]
- Bitis xeropaga [r]: Venomous viper species found in Namibia and South Africa [e]
- Bitis [r]: Genus of venomous vipers found in Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula. [e]
- Causinae [r]: Monotypic subfamily of venomous vipers found only in subsaharan Africa. [e]
- Causus bilineatus [r]: A venomous member of the genus Causus, found in south central Africa. [e]
- Causus defilippii [r]: A venomous member of the genus Causus, found in East Africa. [e]
- Causus lichtensteinii [r]: A venomous viper species found in western and central Africa with no known subspecies. [e]
- Causus maculatus [r]: Venomous viper species found mainly in West- and Central Africa. [e]
- Causus resimus [r]: A venomous member of the genus Causus, found in isolated populations distributed across tropical Africa. [e]
- Causus rhombeatus [r]: A venomous member of the genus Causus, found in subsaharan Africa. [e]
- Cerastes (genus) [r]: A venomous member of the genus Cerastes, found in the deserts and semi-deserts of northern North Africa eastward through Arabia and Iran. [e]
- Cerastes cerastes [r]: A venomous member of the genus Cerastes, native to the deserts of Northern Africa and parts of the Middle East. [e]
- Cerastes gasperettii [r]: A venomous member of the genus Cerastes, found in the Middle East from Israel to Iran, and especially in the Arabian Peninsula. [e]
- Cerastes vipera [r]: A venomous member of the genus Cerastes, found in the deserts of North Africa and the Sinai Peninsula. [e]
- Crotalus durissus [r]: A venomous rattlesnake species found in Mexico and South America. [e]
- Daboia russelii siamensis [r]: Eastern Russell's viper, a subspecies found in parts of southeast Asia, southern China and Taiwan. [e]
- Daboia [r]: A monotypic genus created for a venomous viper species, D. russelii. [e]
- Echis carinatus astolae [r]: Venomous viper subspecies of the genus Echis, endemic to Astola Island off the coast of Pakistan. [e]
- Echis carinatus multisquamatus [r]: Venomous viper subspecies[3] found in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. [e]
- Echis carinatus sinhaleyus [r]: Venomous viper subspecies of the genus Echis, endemic to Sri Lanka. [e]
- Echis carinatus sochureki [r]: Venomous viper subspecies of the genus Echis, found in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran and parts of the Arabian Peninsula. [e]
- Echis carinatus [r]: Venomous viper species of the genus Echis, found in parts of the Middle East, Central Asia, and especially the Indian subcontinent. [e]
- Echis coloratus [r]: Venomous viper species of the genus Echis, found in the Middle East and Egypt. [e]
- Echis hughesi [r]: Venomous viper species of the genus Echis, found only in Somalia. [e]
- Echis jogeri [r]: Venomous viper species found only in Mali. [e]
- Echis leucogaster [r]: Venomous viper species of the genus Echis, found in West and Northwest Africa. [e]
- Echis megalocephalus [r]: Venomous viper species of the genus Echis, found only on one island in the Red Sea off the coast of Eritrea. [e]
- Echis ocellatus [r]: Venomous viper species of the genus Echis, found mainly in West Africa. [e]
- Echis pyramidum aliaborri [r]: Venomous viper subspecies of the genus Echis, found only in northern Kenya. [e]
- Echis pyramidum leakeyi [r]: Venomous viper subspecies of the genus Echis, found only in northwestern Kenya. [e]
- Echis pyramidum [r]: Venomous viper species of the genus Echis, found mainly in north-east Africa, but also in parts of the Arabian Peninsula. [e]
- Echis [r]: Quick-tempered viper genus of Africa, the Middle East, India and Sri Lanka that produce hemotoxic venom. [e]
- Eristicophis [r]: Monotypic genus created for a venomous viper species, E. macmahonii, found only in the desert region of Balochistan near the borders of Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan. [e]
- Graydidascalus brachyurus (Short-tailed Parrot) [r]: Only species of the genus Graydidascalus, found along both banks of the Amazon river and other major Amazonian rivers in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. [e]
- Green Anaconda [r]: Largest member of the boa family of snakes and a member of the super-order Squamata, known to live in the seasonally flooded lowlands surrounding the Amazon basin. [e]
- Lachesis (genus) [r]: Genus of venomous pitvipers found in the remote, forested areas in Central and South America. [e]
- Lachesis muta [r]: Venomous pit viper species found in South America. [e]
- Macrovipera deserti [r]: Venomous viper species found in North Africa. [e]
- Macrovipera lebetina cernovi [r]: Venomous viper subspecies of the genus Macrovipera, found in Iran, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. [e]
- Macrovipera lebetina obtusa [r]: Venomous viper subspecies found between central Turkey and northern Pakistan (Kashmir). [e]
- Macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea [r]: Venomous viper subspecies of the genus Macrovipera, found only in Algeria and Tunis. [e]
- Macrovipera lebetina turanica [r]: Venomous viper subspecies found in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan and Pakistan. [e]
- Macrovipera lebetina [r]: Venomous viper species found in North Africa. [e]
- Macrovipera mauritanica [r]: A venomous viper species found in northwestern Africa. [e]
- Macrovipera schweizeri [r]: Venomous viper species of the genus Macrovipera, found in Greece on the islands of the Cyclades Archipelago in the Aegean sea. [e]
- Macrovipera [r]: Genus of venomous vipers that inhabit the semideserts and steppes of North Africa, the Near and Middle East, and the Milos Archipelago in the Aegean Sea. [e]
- Micrurus fulvius [r]: Venomous elapid species found in the southeastern U.S.A. [e]
- Montatheris [r]: Monotypic genus created for a venomous viper species, M. hindii, found only at high altitude on Mount Kenya and the Aberdare mountain range in Kenya. [e]
- Name-bearing type [r]: The type genus, type species, holotype, lectotype, series of syntypes, neotype, type slide, or hapantotype, that provides the objective standard of reference whereby the application of the name of a taxon can be determined. [e]
- Panthera leo (Lion) [r]: Large gregarious predatory carnivorous feline of Africa and India having a tawny coat with a shaggy mane in the male, one of four big cats in the genus Panthera, and a member of the family Felidae. [e]
- Panthera tigris (Tiger) [r]: Large carnivorous feline mammal of Asia, having a tawny coat with transverse black stripes, a member of the Felidae family, and the largest of the four 'big cats' in the genus Panthera. [e]
- Platypus [r]: An amphibious, egg-laying monotreme (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) of eastern mainland Australia and Tasmania, 45-60 cm in total length, having webbed feet and a muzzle like the bill of a duck; also known as the duck-billed platypus. [e]
- Proatheris [r]: Monotypic genus created for a venomous viper species, P. superciliaris, found in Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique. [e]
- Pseudocerastes persicus fieldi [r]: Venomous viper subspecies found in the deserts of the Middle East. [e]
- Pseudocerastes [r]: Monotypic genus created for a venomous viper species, P. persicus, found throughout the Middle East and as far east as Pakistan, but not on the African mainland. [e]
- Sphenodon guntheri (Tuatara) [r]: Nocturnal reptile endemic to New Zealand, and the only extant member of the order Sphenodontia. [e]
- Tuatara [r]: An amniote of the family Sphenodontidae, native to and found only in New Zealand. [e]
- Vipera albicornuta [r]: Iranian mountain viper, zigzag mountain viper; venomous viper species endemic in Iran. [e]
- Vipera albizona [r]: Central Turkish mountain viper; venomous viper species endemic to the mountainous regions of central Turkey. [e]
- Vipera ammodytes gregorwallneri [r]: Venomous viper subspecies found mainly in Austria and the former Yugoslavia. [e]
- Vipera ammodytes meridionalis [r]: Venomous viper subspecies found in Greece and Turkish Thrace. [e]
- Vipera ammodytes montandoni [r]: Venomous viper subspecies found in Bulgaria and southern Romania. [e]
- Vipera ammodytes transcaucasiana [r]: Venomous viper subspecies of the genus Vipera, found in parts of Georgia and northern Turkish Anatolia. [e]
- Vipera ammodytes [r]: Horned viper, long-nosed viper, sand viper, nose-horned viper, horn-nosed viper; venomous viper species found in southern Europe through to the Balkans and parts of the Middle East. [e]
- Vipera aspis atra [r]: Subspecies of venomous viper; found in France, Switzerland and Italy [e]
- Vipera aspis francisciredi [r]: Venomous viper subspecies found in Italy, where it is the most common and widely distributed venomous snake. [e]
- Vipera aspis hugyi [r]: Venomous viper subspecies found only in Italy. [e]
- Vipera aspis zinnikeri [r]: Gascony asp; venomous viper subspecies found in the Pyrenees region of Spain and France. [e]
- Vipera aspis [r]: Asp; a venomous viper species found in southwestern Europe. [e]
- Vipera barani [r]: Baran's adder, Turkish viper; venomous viper species endemic in Turkey. [e]
- Vipera berus bosniensis [r]: A venomous viper subspecies found only on the Balkan Peninsula. [e]
- Vipera berus sachalinensis [r]: Venomous viper subspecies found in the Russian Far East, China, North Korea and on Sakhalin Island. [e]
- Vipera berus [r]: Widespread venomous viper found in Western Europe, Great Britain and eastward to Far East Asia. [e]
- Vipera bornmuelleri [r]: Bornmuellers viper; venomous viper species found in the Golan Heights, Lebanon and Syria. [e]
- Vipera bulgardaghica [r]: Bulgardagh viper; venomous viper species endemic in the mountains of southern Turkey. [e]
- Vipera darevskii [r]: Darevsky's viper; venomous viper species found in Armenia and possibly also in Georgia. [e]
- Vipera dinniki [r]: Dinnik's viper, Caucasus subalpine viper; venomous viper species found in Russia, Georgia and Azerbaijan. [e]
- Vipera kaznakovi [r]: Venomous viper species found in Turkey, Georgia and Russia. [e]
- Vipera latastei gaditana [r]: Venomous viper subspecies found in southern Spain and Portugal, as well as in North Africa. [e]
- Vipera latastei [r]: Lataste's viper, snub-nosed viper; venomous viper species found in extreme southwestern Europe and northwestern Africa. [e]
- Vipera latifii [r]: Latifi's viper; venomous viper species endemic in Iran. [e]
- Vipera lotievi [r]: Caucasian meadow viper; venomous viper species found in Russia, [e]
- Vipera monticola [r]: Atlas mountain viper; venomous viper species endemic in Morocco. [e]
- Vipera nikolskii [r]: Nikolsky's adder, forest-steppe adder; venomous viper species endemic in Ukraine. [e]
- Vipera palaestinae [r]: Palestine viper; venomous viper species found in Syria, Jordan, Israel and Lebanon. [e]
- Vipera pontica [r]: Pontic adder; venomous viper species found in Turkey and Georgia. [e]
- Vipera raddei [r]: Rock viper, Radde's mountain viper, Armenian mountain viper; venomous viper species found in Turkey, Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and possibly also in Iraq. [e]
- Vipera seoanei cantabrica [r]: Venomous viper subspecies found in the south central parts of the Cantabrian Mountains in Spain. [e]
- Vipera seoanei [r]: Baskian viper; venomous viper species found in extreme southwestern France and the northern regions of Spain and Portugal. [e]
- Vipera ursinii [r]: Meadow viper, Ursini's viper; very widespread species of venomous viper, found from southeastern France all the way to China. [e]
- Vipera wagneri [r]: Venomous viper species found in eastern Turkey and northwest Iran. [e]
- Vipera xanthina [r]: Rock viper, coastal viper, Ottoman viper, Turkish viper, Near East viper; venomous viper species found in northeastern Greece and Turkey, as well as certain islands in the Aegean Sea. [e]
- Vipera [r]: Genus of venomous vipers. [e]
- Viperinae [r]: (Pitless vipers, true vipers, Old World vipers); a subfamily of venomous vipers found in Europe, Asia and Africa, distinguished by their lack of the heat-sensing pit organs that characterize their sister group, the Crotalinae. [e]
