StarCraft (series)

StarCraft is a military science fiction real-time strategy (RTS) game released by Blizzard Entertainment in 1998. The game was the first to feature three uniquely different playable races, the interplay of which posed a very complex balancing act with such great depth and variation in strategy that made it one of the best-selling games for the PC, with more than 11 million copies sold as of 2009. The main story is set around 2500 AD in a distant part of the Milky Way Galaxy, when the Terrans, who are descendants of the exiled prisoners from Earth, come in conflict with the insect-like Zerg and the highly-evolved Protoss. The storyline is unveiled chronologically in single-player campaigns, each played with a different race. StarCraft's gameplay is typical of the RTS style established since the 90s, involving resource gathering, unit production, fog of war, and management of supply quota. Its replay value was considered phenomenal due to its support of multi-player mode through LAN and Battle.net, which facilitated competitive play and laid the ground for the prominent rise of professional gaming in South Korea. Blizzard quickly capitalized on StarCraft's immense popularity by releasing the Brood War expansion pack a year later. The long-waited sequel, StarCraft II, was officially announced in South Korea in 2007, and it was developed as a trilogy, beginning with StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty, which was released in 2010.

Storyline
In StarCraft, Earth faces a Malthusian catastrophe by the 23rd century when its population surpasses 23 billion. The world falls into a state of pessimism and civil unrest, aggravated by the violent activities of terrorist and extremist groups as well as the concerns over the degenerate use of genetic manipulation and cybertechnology. Earth's catastrophic course marked by the West's decline (supposing the continuation of a Western-dominated world order) is averted by the succession of then-defunct United Nations by the United Powers League, which restores public order throughout most of Earth's territories under its control. In attempt to remove social and ideological differences, the UPL deploys fascist tactics to enforce bans on religion and racism, as well as replacing native languages with English. The organization also adopts a quasi-religious doctrine of the "divinity of mankind" directed against the practices of artificial enhancement on humans. In its ultimate act of cleansing mankind, the UPL secretly contrives a final solution to imprison synthetics, hackers, and criminals of all sorts, called the Project Purification, and commits 400 million deaths in the process.

The other priorities of the UPL include scientifc advancements and space exploration. Within forty years of its founding, the UPL masters faster-than-light travel and founds colonies throughout the Solar System. During this period colonization into other star systems is initially tried with the launch of four supercarriers carrying 40,000 prisoners. Although the voyage in hyperspace is only meant to last a year, an issue with the navigational system causes the ships to continue on for nearly thirty years until the engines are exhausted. In emergency mode, the ships search for the nearest planets that are hospitable for human life. The planets where they made descent are Umoja, Moria, and Tarsonis, located 60,000 light years away from the Solar System. One of the ships crashes, killing 8,000 aboard, while the only ship carrying the navigational system suffers damage beyond repair, effectively denying their prospect of returning to Earth.

Within 60 years, the planets are successfully colonized, and among them Tarsonis becomes the most advanced due to its possession of the supercomputer that was onboard the colony ship with the navigational system.

Gameplay
StarCraft is played from a third-person 2D isometric perspective using a mouse for unit control and map navigation, similar to the PC's graphical user interface. The units are controlled in the main screen showing a detailed view of a smaller portion of the map. The minimap depicts the entire map with colored markings that locate the game units as well as the player's main view camera.

There are several different game modes, which include the official campaigns, "melee" or team matches against humans or AI, and the custom games that "use map setting," commonly abbreviated as "UMS." There may be up to 8 slots occupied by human or computer players, depending on the map in which the game is played.

The objective to win in a game of 1v1, team duel, or free-for-all is to destroy all enemy buildings. This may be achieved not only directly through skirmishes and open field battles but also various other confrontational styles that fit the player's personality as well as the map's environment. The gameplay may differ significantly depending on the accessibility of the terrain and resources of the map. A typical "normal" map is 128 by 128 grids with 4 starting non-island bases and limited available resources. All normal games start with a command structure and 4 worker units placed in the vicinity of a mineral and gas deposit, and the game time may last anywhere between 5 minutes to 2 hours.

The focus in the early game lies on the expanding the "economy" in the form of resource extraction and supply, as well as scouting to clear fog of war and gather intelligence on the enemy. The worker units are the most basic units in the game, used for gathering resources and construction of buildings, as well as "scouting" in the early part of the game. Until the enemy acquires armed units, it is possible to "harass" with a scouting worker by attacking vulnerable units or preventing strategic placement of buildings on resource deposits or the base entrance.

The early game is arguably the most important phase because it is when the players must commit to a specific strategy while facing considerable risk and uncertainty, and also because any minor loss or gain at this point is of significant consequence. Any discernible difference between the players is amplified over time due to positive feedback, with each outcome enabling the next in a possibly continual winning or losing streak. Most players are well-versed in the early strategies based on carefully crafted building order and precise timing, similar to opening moves in chess.

There are always trade-offs between the player's ability to pursue short-term and long-term goals in the game. In the case of a "rush," a player may seek to gain critical military advantage in the shortest amount of time while sacrificing future growth. Or a player may play defensively while focusing on growing the economy or acquiring more advanced technology. Because even the most flawlessly orchestrated plans may fail without proper calculations, scouting can be a continual necessity even into the late part of the game.

As with other RTS games, multi-tasking is an essential part of the gameplay to manage multiple units and situations across the map. The player's ability to multi-task is measured in actions per minute, or "APM," which is the average number of commands given to units in a minute. Professional players are noted for their high APMs ranging in the lower 200s and 300s, whereas the APM of a casual player is much less (around 50). Because the APM count includes repeated commands, a higher APM does not necessarily yield a higher number of unique actions, although the general rule of thumb is that more is better. This is demonstrated by the fact that the players with the highest APMs (in the 500s) are mostly non-existant in the professional circuits.

The actions can be categorized as micromanagement and macromanagement, or "micro" and "macro" for short. Micro involves