Australia in Great Britain and North America, 1878 (cricket)

In 1878, an Australian cricket team made the inaugural first-class tour of England by a representative overseas side. The tour followed one made by an England cricket team to Australia in 1876/77, during which the first Test matches were played.

Although no Test matches were played in 1878, the tour proved to be such an outstanding financial and sporting success that the future of international cricket was assured.

The Australian team was managed by John Conway and captained by Dave Gregory. William Charles Valentine Gibbes acted as the team's assistant-manager. Conway was a canny journalist from Geelong in Victoria while Gregory and Gibbes were both Sydney-based accountants with the New South Wales Public Service. These three cricket enthusiasts were the architects of the venture. They and the players each contributed the sum of 50 pounds to finance the expedition and later shared equally in the handsome profits that their enterprise generated, having carted the match takings around with them in a closely guarded strong-box all the time that they were away.

Gregory demonstrated excellent leadership and tactical skills throughout the long tour, while Fred Spofforth became the star performer of the team. Cricket scholars consider him to have been one of the greatest fast bowlers in the history of the game.

Journey
The team sailed from Sydney on 29 March 1878 in the SS City of Sydney, reaching San Francisco on 27 April, having called at Auckland and Honolulu en route. They then travelled across America by train, a potentially hazardous undertaking in the era of the James-Younger Gang and others, though Frank & Jesse James were still in hiding after the abortive Northfield Raid in 1876. The Australians sailed from New York on 4 May in the SS City of Berlin, which docked at Liverpool on 13 May. The team caught the train to Nottingham and arrived there at 12:15 on 14 May to a large reception. On 20 May, they began their first match at Trent Bridge against Nottinghamshire.

Touring party members
The Australian party was composed of: J Conway (manager), WCV Gibbes (assistant-manager), D W Gregory (captain), FE Allan, GH Bailey, Alec Bannerman, Charles Bannerman, J McC Blackham (wicket-keeper), H F Boyle, T W Garrett, T P Horan, W E Midwinter, W L Murdoch (along with Charles Bannerman, the side's best batsman) and, last but by no means least, F R Spofforth, the original "Demon Bowler". Midwinter was already in England and, as described below, became embroiled in the shenanigans of the famous cricketing clan led by W G Grace. He joined the tourists in Nottingham and played against Nottinghamshire.

Matches and incidents
27 May. MCC versus Australians at Lord's. The Australians established their reputation for all time by a nine wicket victory inside five hours in one of the most sensational games in history. A very strong MCC team, led by W G Grace himself, was bowled out for 33 (Spofforth 6–4, including a hat trick) and though they in turn dismissed the Australians for 41 (Shaw 5–10, Morley 5–31), MCC in their second innings were out for just 19 (Boyle 5–3, Spofforth 5–16). The Australians needed 12 to win, which was a substantial total in the conditions, but they lost only Charles Bannerman in getting them. Spofforth's match analysis was 14.3 overs, five maidens, 20 runs, 11 wickets. This match inspired Punch to publish the following verse:


 * The Australians came down like a wolf on the fold,
 * The Marylebone cracks for a trifle were bowled;
 * Our Grace before dinner was very soon done,
 * And Grace after dinner did not get a run.

20–22 June. Middlesex versus Australians at Lord's and Surrey versus Gloucestershire at The Oval. Shortly before play was due to begin at Lord's, W G Grace and others of the Gloucestershire camp turned up and effectively "nabbed" Billy Midwinter, taking him to The Oval to play for Gloucestershire. Midwinter had played for them in 1877 and Grace argued that he was bound to continue if required. Since Gloucestershire had arrived at the Oval with only ten players, Midwinter most definitely was required.

A dispute ensued and all sorts of agreements and contractual arrangements were argued over. It seems that W G was at first rude and insulting, then tried to brazen it out before offering a guarded apology and eventually getting around to his favourite topic: money. Midwinter apparently did quite well out of it all despite being anything but an innocent party. The Australians had some satisfaction when they beat Middlesex by 98 runs without Midwinter while Gloucestershire, with Midwinter, lost by 16 runs to Surrey. But the real revenge came later.

5–6 Sept. Gloucestershire versus Australians (Clifton College). Australians won by 10 wkts. This was the champion county's only home defeat of the season. All three Graces were playing but not Midwinter. Australian revenge was complete thanks to a 12-90 match haul by the Demon, though he did not get W G's wicket.

11–12 Sept. Players versus Australians at Prince's Ground ended the Australian tour and was also the last time Prince's Ground (in Chelsea) was used as a first-class venue, Middlesex having moved to Lord's in 1877.

American leg of the tour
At the end of their tour, the Australians sailed from Liverpool on 18 September in the SS City of Richmond. They arrived in New York over a week later and went on to Philadelphia where they played the Philadelphian cricket team on 3–5 October at the Germantown Cricket Club ground. This match was subjected to disputes and walk-offs before it ended in a draw. They also played some other games in America and then went by train to San Francisco which they left on 28 October in the SS City of New York, arriving in Sydney on 25 November after being away for almost eight months.

Ancillary note: In San Francisco, the Australian team had played a California XXII side composed of members from Occidental Cricket Club and Oakland Cricket Club. The Oakland club was the first cricket team established on the East Bay, which became home to several cricket teams between 1878 and 1913. This was the first time a California side played an Australian national side.

Aftermath of the Midwinter incident
Meanwhile, back in England, the Graces endured months of controversy about the payments they received as supposed amateurs, much of which had come to light as a result of the Midwinter affair. Charges were brought against them at a stormy meeting of the Gloucestershire club's members and they were vilified in the press. In the end, little came of it. The Graces had too much influence. W G was simply too popular to be challenged and E M as a coroner was seen to be a "pillar of the community". So, although their ears burned, they escaped censure and nothing much changed.

Annual reviews

 * James Lillywhite's Cricketers' Annual (Red Lilly) 1879
 * John Lillywhite's Cricketer's Companion (Green Lilly) 1879
 * Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1879