South Korea

South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea or ROK (Korean: Namhan; Daehan Min-guk ), is a constitutional republic comprising the southern part of Korea, which protrudes southward from the Northeastern Asian mainland and lies between the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan (East Sea). Its East Asian neighbors with close historical and cultural ties include China, Taiwan, and Japan. When South Korea was established in 1948 after the end of Japanese colonial rule, the country was one of the poorest in the world, and its economic prospect worsened with destruction of the nation's infrastructure during the Korean War from 1950 to 1953. However, during the the early 1960s and the two decades that followed, South Korea transformed its largely agricultural economy into a modern industrial power and has currently the 13th largest GDP. South Korea's capital is Seoul, one of the world's 10 largest cities and a major technological and financial hub in the region. The country's current president is Lee Myungbak, who assumed office in February, 2008.

Physical constituency
South Korea covers a total of 99,268 km2 (38,328 mi2) over 8 mainland provinces, the Jeju Island, and approximately 3,000 smaller islands appearing almost entirely on the western side of the peninsula. By comparison, the country is slightly larger than the U.S. state of Indiana and is about 4/5th the size of North Korea.

South Korea is largely mountainous, with only 30% of its terrain being the lowlands, concentrated mostly on the western and the southeastern parts of the country. Along curve of the eastern coastline, the Taebaek Mountains, the northern end of which originates in North Korea, run in the north-south direction. Four smaller mountain ranges branch off south-westward from the Tabaek Mountains, and, the largest among them, the Sobaek range, makes a long S-shape that divides the southern region. The highest points of these are the Mount Jiri on the Sobaek Mountains, reaching a height of 1,915 m (6,283 ft), and Mount Sorak on the Taebaek range, peaking at 1,708 m (5,604 ft), but none are as high as Mount Halla, which is an extinct volcano with a height of 1,950 m (6,398 ft). It is located on the southern island of Jejudo, which is the country's largest island.

The three major rivers in South Korea are the Han, Geum, and Nakdong, all of which originate from the Taebaek range. The Han River is where the capital is situated, and it is the second largest in South Korea. The Han and Geum rivers drain into the Yellow Sea, and the Nakdong River, the longest river in South Korea, empties south into the Korea Strait. Similarly, most of the other fluvial channels in the country also run westward into or southward into the two seas.

The country's coastline extends 2,413 km (approximately 1,500 mi). The southern and western coasts differ greatly from the rockier eastern coast in that they are arranged intricately with harbors and islands, whereas the eastern coastline is smooth and simple. Likewise, the tidal ranges vary significantly; on the east side, tides reach only 0.3 m, but the tidal range increases gradually along the south coast and peaks at 910 m (one of the world's highest) in the Gyeonggi Bay in the northwest. Because the western and southern coasts also are relatively flat, extensive and wide tidal flats have formed in these parts from the sediments dumped by the Korean rivers and the Yellow and Yangtze rivers in China. Mud and silt are typical of the tidal flats in the north, in contrast to the sandier texture of the mudflats in the southwest.

The soil, about two-thirds of which formed in the Cenozoic Era, is made up mostly of gneiss and granite. The predominant soil type is brown, but there are regional variations. Red and yellow soils are other major types that are common in the southwest; dark red and grayish brown (podzolic) are found in the southeastern parts of the country. Due to the extreme summer-winter temperatures and the heavy downpour during the summer monsoon season, the soil is well-leached with very little humus content, and it is quite susceptible to erosion.

Unlike Japan or the northern provinces of China, the Korean peninsula is geologically stable. There have been no major earthquakes in Korea, and the last volcanic activity on Mount Halla was recorded during the Goryeo Dynasty (also spelled as "Koryo"), from which Korea's modern English name originates. The other group of volcanic islands in the East Sea, Ulleungdo and Dokdo (Liancourt Rocks), were active 2.5 and 4.6 million years ago, respectively.

Climate
South Korea has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons. The climate is characterized by the hot and cold extremes of Asia's continental influences and the precipitation patterns set by the northeast Asian wind system. The long winter here is cold and dry due to the Arctic air brought by the Asian monsoon, which reverses in direction and carries the hot, humid air from the South China Sea during the rainy summer. Spring and autumn are pleasant but short in duration.

The warmest month in South Korea is August with an average temperature of 25 °C (77 °F). In contrast to the relatively unvarying distribution of heat during summer, there is noticeable difference in temperature between the northern and southern parts of the country in winter. For example, in the coldest month of January, average temperature ranges from -5 °C (23 °F) in Seoul to 2 °C (35 °F) in the southern port city of Busan.

On the mainland, the annual precipitation ranges from about 900 ~ 1,500 mm (35 ~ 60 in), as much as three-fifths of which can occur in form of typhoons and heavy rains during the summer months of June to August. In the very south of the country, rainfall is more consistent throughout the year. In Jeju Island, the annual precipitation is around 1,800 mm (70 in).

Natural environment
The country's rapid industrialization and high population density have taken a severe toll on the environment. The traditional use of wood as fuel and building material have gradually led to clearing of much of the old-growth forests throughout the past centuries. Although today South Korea's temperate forests cover about 65% of the land due to the reforestation efforts since the 1970s, the natural ecosystem is small and fragile due to its close proximity to human activities. 4% of the land that is protected as nature reserve is visited annually by millions seeking refuge from the urban setting, and the conservation efforts by the government are not proportionate to the situation in terms of both size and scientific approach.

Due to loss of forest habitat, and overhunting, the once-abundant large mammals such as tigers, bears, and lynx