Schafkopf

The Schafkopf group is a family of German trick-taking card games played by three or more players with a pack of 32 or 24 cards. The most typical variants are for four players in varying partnerships and have the four Jacks and sometimes some or all Queens as the highest trumps. Games based on Schafkopf include Skat and Doppelkopf. Variants of Schafkopf are still played in Germany (Bavaria, Palatinate), the United States (as Sheepshead, especially in Wisconsin), and on the Faroe Islands (as Sjavs).

Common principles
Many Schafkopf games are played with the 32 cards of a piquet pack consisting of Ace, King, Queen, Jack, Ten, 9, 8, 7 in each of the four well known French suits. In some cases a shorter pack of 24 cards is used, dropping the 8s and 7s. Some games are also, or even exclusively, played with an equivalent German-style pack. In German-style cards there are two kinds of knaves that are distinguished by the position of the suit mark: "Upper" knaves (Ober) correspond to Queens, and "Lower" knaves (Unter) correspond to Jacks. The German suits correspond to French suits as follows: acorns = clubs, leaves = spades, hearts = hearts, bells = diamonds. For simplicity, this article will describe the games in terms of French-style cards throughout – even Bavarian Schafkopf, which is exclusively played with German-style cards.

The cards carry values as shown in the table, for a total of 120 card points. It can be observed that the 12 low cards have no point value at all, while 84 of the game's 120 card points are concentrated in the 8 high cards. Only the 12 court cards have point values close to the average.

Depending on the game variant and sometimes the contract, a certain number of Queens or Jacks form the highest trumps and are considered full members of the trump suit. Thus, if hearts are trumps and all Jacks are among the highest trumps, the Jack of clubs is a member of the hearts suit rather than the clubs suit.

All games are played clockwise. The players typically form two parties, based on an auction and/or the ownership of certain cards. The party of the player who won the auction is known as "the players", the opposing players are known as "the opponents". To win, the players normally need to collect more than half of the card points in tricks, i.e. at least 61 points. The opponents win if they collect 60 points or more. If the opponents win less than 30 points, the players win schneider. If the players win all tricks, they win schwarz.

German Schafkopf
An early four-player Schafkopf game that is no longer popular is known as German Schafkopf. It is played by four players in fixed partnerships. In this game all Jacks, but not the Queens, are the highest trumps. Once all cards have been distributed, the player who holds the Jack of clubs gets to choose the trump suit and forms a partnership with the player sitting opposite.

Like most Schafkopf games, this one has numerous variants. In one variant each player announces how many trumps they would have if they could choose trumps – provided the number is at least five. The player who announces the greatest number chooses the trump suit. If the players lose, the game is counted twice. In another variant the Jacks and black Queens are the highest trumps. In yet another variant diamonds are always trumps.

Wendish Schafkopf
This four-player game is named after the Wends, a historical term that refers generally to all Slavs living in close contact with Germans. All cards are dealt in batches of four. The Jacks and Queens are the highest trumps. Clockwise starting with the player to the dealer's left, the players get the chance to play a solo against the three opposing players and choose the trump suit. If no player wishes to play a solo, diamonds are trumps and the players who hold the highest trumps (Q♣ and Q♠) play together against the two opposing players. A single player who happens to hold the two highest trumps usually announces the fact and forms a partnership with the first other player who wins a trick. Alternatively, the player may keep the fact secret and play a quiet solo against the other three. The base value of a play is 1 point if two play against two, 2 points if a soloist wins or 3 points if a soloist loses. The base value is doubled or tripled in case of schneider or schwarz.

A three-player variant is known as Dreiwendsch and seems to be closely related to Skat. Each player receives ten cards; two cards face down in the middle of the table form the skat. Starting with the player to the dealer's left, the players get the chance to take up the skat, discard two cards, choose the trump suit and play a solo against the two opposing players. In a variant, the player who holds the Queen of clubs must play the solo. If no soloist is found, the cards are dealt again.

Bavarian Schafkopf
Bavarian Schafkopf is the most popular card game in the German state of Bavaria. The official Laws of Schafkopf were adopted by the Bayerischer Schafkopf-Verein at the First Bavarian Schafkopf Congress in 1989. In Bavaria the game is played with German-style cards. According to the official rules, the game is played with 32 cards, dealt in batches of four.

There are three basic modes of play. In partner play, hearts are trumps and the eight Jacks and Queens form the highest trumps. A player who won the auction can recruit a partner by calling a specific Ace. The owner of that Ace is subject to certain restrictions when playing cards of that suit. Wenz is a solo game in which the soloist chooses the trump suit and the four Jacks form the highest trumps. Solo is a solo game in which the soloist chooses the trump suit and the Jacks and Queens from the highest trumps.

In the auction, the highest contract is Sie – a rare play that can only be played by a player whose hand consists of the eight Jacks and Queens, and which is automatically won. Solo tout is solo with an undertaking to win all tricks. Wenz tout is wenz with an undertaking to win all tricks. The hierarchy of plays continues with solo, wenz and partner play. In case of a tie the player to the left of the dealer takes precedence over the following player etc. The right to choose the contract is auctioned in a way that attempts to minimize the flow of information.

Before the second card has been played, an opposing player may double the value of a game by calling contra. The playing party may immediately double once more by calling re.