Placebo/Bibliography

Selection of Reviews on The Placebo Effect
This is a selected subset of the review articles that were published in peer-reviewed academic journals about the placebo effect, in 2007-2008.


 * Enck P, Benedetti F, Schedlowski M.(2008) New insights into the placebo and nocebo responses.Neuron 59:195-206. PMID 18667148 "The latest scientific evidence has demonstrated, however, that the placebo effect and the nocebo effect, the negative effects of placebo, stem from highly active processes in the brain that are mediated by psychological mechanisms such as expectation and conditioning. These processes have been described in some detail for many diseases and treatments, and we now know that they can represent both strength and vulnerability in the course of a disease as well as in the response to a therapy."


 * Diederich NJ, Goetz CG.(2008) The placebo treatments in neurosciences: New insights from clinical and neuroimaging studies. Neurology 71:677-84 PMID 18725593 "A positive placebo response is seen in up to 50% of patients with Parkinson disease (PD), pain syndromes, and depression. The response is more pronounced with invasive procedures or advanced disease."

"Invasive procedures such as injections have a higher placebo response compared with oral drugs."
 * Diener HC, Schorn CF, Bingel U, Dodick DW (2008) The importance of placebo in headache research. Cephalalgia 28:1003-11 PMID 18727647


 * Oken BS (2008) Placebo effects: clinical aspects and neurobiology.Brain 131:2812-23. PMID 18567924 ''"Recent research in placebo analgesia and other conditions has demonstrated that several neurotransmitter systems, such as opiate and dopamine, are involved with the placebo effect. Brain regions including anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia have been activated following administration of placebo. A patient's expectancy of improvement may influence outcomes as much as some active interventions and this effect may be greater for novel interventions and for procedures"


 * Zhang W, Robertson J, Jones AC, Dieppe PA, Doherty M.(2008) The placebo effect and its determinants in osteoarthritis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis 67:1716-23 PMID 18541604 ''"Placebo is effective in the treatment of OA, especially for pain, stiffness and self-reported function. The size of this effect is influenced by the strength of the active treatment, the baseline disease severity, the route of delivery and the sample size of the study."


 * Faria V, Fredrikson M, Furmark T (2008) Imaging the placebo response: a neurofunctional review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 18:473-85. PMID 18495442 "Imaging studies provide evidence of specific, predictable and replicable patterns of neural changes associated with placebo administration. In general, placebo responses seem mediated by "top-down" processes dependent on frontal cortical areas that generate and maintain cognitive expectancies. Dopaminergic reward pathways may underlie these expectancies"


 * Kaptchuk TJ, et al. (2008)Do "placebo responders" exist? Contemp Clin Trials 29:587-95. PMID 18378192 "Since 1969, at least eight experiments exposed asthma patients to multiple administrations of placebo given with deceptive suggestions that the "treatment" was an active medication"


 * Fernandes R, Ferreira JJ, Sampaio C. (2008) The placebo response in studies of acute migraine. J Pediatr 152:527-33, 533.e1. PMID 18346509 "There is a widely variable placebo response in pediatric migraine trials"


 * Schenk PW. (2008) 'Just breathe normally': word choices that trigger nocebo responses in patients. Am J Nurs 108:52-7.PMID 18316911 "Negative reactions to placebo medications -- sometimes called "nocebo effects" -- are well documented. Similar responses can be induced in suggestible patients when providers use language that tends to increase patients' stress and negative expectations."

Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 69:42-6. "The consequences of patients' trust in physicians and the practical implications of trust to quality patient care are presented."
 * Lee YY, Lin JL (2008) Linking patients' trust in physicians to health outcomes.


 * Furukawa TA, Watanabe N, Omori IM, Churchill R. (2007) Can pill placebo augment cognitive-behavior therapy for panic disorder? BMC Psychiatry 7:73. PMID 18093337. "The act of taking a pill placebo may enhance the placebo effect already contained in the effective psychotherapeutic intervention during the acute phase treatment."


 * Kong J, Kaptchuk TJ, Polich G, Kirsch I, Gollub RL. (2007) Placebo analgesia: findings from brain imaging studies and emerging hypotheses.Rev Neurosci18:173-90. PMID 18019605 "...placebo treatment may exert an analgesic effect on at least three stages of pain processing, by 1) influencing pre-stimulus expectation of pain relief, 2) modifying pain perception, and 3) distorting post-stimulus pain rating."


 * Colloca L, Benedetti F (2007) Nocebo hyperalgesia: how anxiety is turned into pain.Curr Opin Anaesthesiol.20:435-9. PMID 17873596 "Brain-imaging studies have shown that the perceived intensity of a painful stimulus following negative expectations of pain increase is higher than in the absence of negative expectations and this is associated with changes in activation of specific brain regions"


 * Khan A, Redding N, Brown WA (2008) The persistence of the placebo response in antidepressant clinical trials. J Psychiatr Res 42791-6 PMID 18036616 Our objective was to assess the persistence of the placebo response during at least 12 weeks of continued placebo administration in depressed patients who have responded to 6-8 weeks of acute placebo treatment. ... Although significantly more patients on placebo than on antidepressants relapsed in the continuation phase, 4 out of 5 placebo responders stayed well."


 * Price DD, Finniss DG, Benedetti F (2008) A comprehensive review of the placebo effect: recent advances and current thought. Annu Rev Psychol 59:565-90. PMID 17550344 - major review article; "Placebo factors have neurobiological underpinnings and actual effects on the brain and body. They are not just response biases."

PMID 17437679 "The placebo is much more than a control medicine in a clinical trial. The placebo response is the largest component of any allergy treatment and consists of two components: nonspecific effects (eg, natural recovery) and a "true placebo effect" that is the psychological therapeutic effect of the treatment."
 * Eccles R (2007)The power of the placebo. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 7:100-4.