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phobio
According to Photobiological Sciences Online &mdash; American Society for Photobiology:

Photobiology is broadly defined to include all biological phenomena involving non-ionizing radiation. It is recognized that photobiological responses are the result of chemical and/or physical changes induced in biological systems by non-ionizing radiation.

Photobiology concerns itself with biological processes that interact with electromagnetic radiation over a frequency range that does not ionize biological molecules &mdash; from the higher-energy ultraviolet, through the intermediate-energy visible, to the lower-energy infrared range of electromagnetic radiation. As sub-disciplines of physics, chemistry, engineering, biology, and medicine, photobiology has emerged as an interdisciplinary endeavor related to and interacting with theoretical scientists; academicians working in research, teaching and training, and application development; instrument makers; commercial groups seeking practical and useful applications; and hobbyists.

Topics in photobiology include interaction of light with molecules, cells, and tissues, the responses of those biological entities, photosynthesis, bioluminescence.

In part exemplifying the type and range of photobiology, a sample issue of the official journal of the American Society for Photobiology, viz., "Photochemistry and Photobiology", offers articles with these titles:


 * Challenges in Applying Photoemission Electron Microscopy to Biological Systems
 * Application of Nonlinear Optical Microscopy for Imaging Skin
 * The Ability of Low Level Laser Therapy to Prevent Muscle Tissue Damage Induced by Snake Venom
 * UV Radiation: Balancing Risks and Benefits
 * Crayfish Procambarus clarkii Retina and Nervous System Exhibit Antioxidant Circadian Rhythms Coupled with Metabolic and Luminous Daily Cycles
 * In Vitro Photodynamic Eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Planktonic and Biofilm Culture
 * Solar Ultraviolet Protection Provided by Human Head Hair
 * The Photoreactions of Recombinant Phytochrome CphA from the Cyanobacterium Calothrix PCC7601: A Low-Temperature UV–Vis and FTIR Study
 * New Results on the Photochemistry of Biopterin and Neopterin in Aqueous Solution
 * Quenching of Singlet Oxygen by a Carotenoid–Cyclodextrin Complex: The Importance of Aggregate Formation

DIM_CHRON


Russian Events: HISTORY OF RUSSIA. From: History World.

PhilBiol
Elliott Sober speaks to the definition of the philosophy of biology:

Biologists study living things, but what do philosophers of biology study? A cynic might say "their own navels," but I am no cynic. A better answer is that philosophers of biology, and philosophers of science generally, study science. Ours is a second-order, not a first-order, subject. In this respect, philosophy of science is similar to history and sociology of science. A difference may be found in the fact that historians and sociologists study science as it is, whereas philosophers of science study science as it ought to be….its goal being to distinguish good science from bad, better scientific practices from worse.

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