Greatest common divisor/Tutorials

Explicit example
For example, the divisors of 60 are


 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60,

and the divisors of 72 are


 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 72.

The common divisors of 60 and 72 are the numbers that appear in both lists:


 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.

The greatest common divisor of 60 and 72 is therefore 12. One writes "gcd(60, 72) = 12", or simply "(60, 72) = 12".

The greatest common divisor is used in reducing fractions to lowest terms, thus:


 * $$\frac{60}{72} = \frac{12 \times 5}{12 \times 6} = \frac{5}{6}.$$

An algorithm involving prime factorizations
One method of finding the greatest common divisor of two integers involves factoring both into prime numbers:


 * $$ 60 = 2 \times 2 \times 3 \times 5,\,$$


 * $$ 72 = 2 \times 2 \times 2 \times 3 \times 3.\,$$

Observe that the prime number 2 occurs twice in the factorization of 60, and three times in the factorization of 72. One says that the multiplicity of that prime factor is 2 in the first case and 3 in the second. ("Multiplicity" means the number of times the prime factor appears in the factorization.) For each prime factor, one sees which multiplicity is smaller: the one in the factorization of 60 or the one in the factorization of 72:


 * In the factorization of 60, the multiplicity of the prime factor 2 is 2.
 * In the factorization of 72, the multiplicity of the prime factor 2 is 3.
 * The smaller of those multiplicities is 2.

Next:


 * In the factorization of 60, the multiplicity of the prime factor 3 is 1.
 * In the factorization of 72, the multiplicity of the prime factor 3 is 2.
 * The smaller of those multiplicities is 1.

Next:


 * In the factorization of 60, the multiplicity of the prime factor 5 is 1.
 * In the factorization of 72, the multiplicity of the prime factor 5 is 0.
 * The smaller of those multiplicities is 0.

For completeness, note that
 * all other prime numbers have multiplicity 0 in the factorization of both 60 and 72.
 * The smaller of those two multiplicities (both 0) is 0.

Therefore


 * the multiplicity of 2 in the factorization of the gcd is 2;
 * the multiplicity of 3 in the factorization of the gcd is 1;
 * the multiplicity of any other prime number in the factorization of the gcd is 0.

The gcd is therefore 2 &times; 2 &times; 3 = 12.

Here is another example: the problem is to find gcd(14280, 1638). We have


 * 14280 = 2 &times; 2 &times; 2 &times; 3 &times; 5 &times; 7 &times; 17.
 * 1638 = 2 &times; 3 &times; 3 &times; 7 &times; 13.

For the prime number 2, the multiplicities are 3 and 1; the smaller of those is 1.

For the prime number 3, the multiplicities are 1 and 2; the smaller of those is 1.

For the prime number 5, the multiplicities are 1 and 0; the smaller of those is 0.

For the prime number 7, the multiplicities are 1 and 1; the smaller of those is 1.

For the prime number 11, the multiplicities are 0 and 0; the smaller of those is 0.

For the prime number 13, the multiplicities are 0 and 1; the smaller of those is 0.

And so on&mdash;for all larger prime numbers the multiplicity is 0.

Therefore gcd(14280, 1638) = 2 &times; 3 &times; 7 = 42.

An algorithm not involving prime numbers
When the prime factors of a number are large, the algorithm above may be inefficient. Euclid's algorithm does not involve prime factorizations and runs fast in such cases. It may be described as follows:


 * (1) Replace the larger of the two numbers with the remainder on division of the larger by the smaller.
 * (2) Repeat step (1) until one of the two numbers is 0.
 * (3) The one that is not 0 is the gcd.

For an example, let's find the greatest common divisor of the last pair of numbers we used above, (14280, 1638).
 * 14280 / 1638 = 8 remainder 1176. because 1638 times 8 is 13104.
 * Now we take the new pair of numbers (1638, 1176).
 * 1638 / 1176 = 1 remainder 462
 * Now we have (1176,462).
 * 1176 / 462 = 2 remainder 252
 * Now we have (462, 252).
 * 462 / 252 = 1 remainder 210.
 * Now we have (252,210).
 * 252 / 210 = 1 remainder 42.
 * Now we have (210,42).
 * 210 / 42 = 5 remainder 0.
 * Now we have (42,0).

Therefore gcd(14280,1638) = 42.