Jass–Belote card games

The Jass–Belote family of card games is a group of card-point trick-taking games in which the Jack ("jass") and Nine of the trump suit are the highest-ranking trumps, and the Tens and Aces of all suits are the next most valuable cards. Games in this family are typically played by 2 or 4 players with the 32 French-suited cards of a piquet deck.

Variants of 2-handed Klaberjass are played worldwide, especially in Jewish communities. 4-handed Belote with its numerous variants is the French national card game and has spread as far away as Cyprus and Saudi-Arabia. Other notable members of the family include the Swiss and Dutch national card games (Swiss Jass and Dutch Klaverjas) and Twenty-Nine, a popular game in South Asia.

In the South Asian games trick-play is governed by the simple standard rule (familiar from whist-like games) that suit must be followed if possible and a player who is blank in the suit led may play any card. All other games in this family have slightly different rules that encourage trumping, typically by requiring players to trump a trick when they cannot follow suit. The Swiss games are special in that they are less restrictive than whist, allowing players to trump a trick even when they can follow suit. The methods for determining the trump suit vary as in other groups of related games. In many games players can meld certain combinations in their hand to score additional points in exchange for giving information to the opponents, and score by a different mechanism for holding a "belote" (King and Queen of trumps).

500 – early 19th century Klaverjas
The term "Jas(s)" for the Knave and the game was first recorded in the Netherlands in 1721 and, first in the context of All Fours, seems to have given rise to the English term "Jack". It seems that by the end of the 18th century, Dutch mercenaries had brought the game to Switzerland.

The earliest recorded Jass game appears to be the 2-handed game described in a Dutch book from 1821 as "Smoojas" ("Jewish Jass"). The following account is based on a slightly later version, where it is alternately named "500" or "Klaverjassen". and on David Parlett's version of the 1821 rules. The most fundamental differences to modern 2-handed Belote are Tens ranking in their natural position, slightly different scoring values (more similar to Manille and All Fours), and more restrictive rules for trick-play (in the second phase). Apart from the trick-play rules, these characteristics are shared by several modern Dutch games of the Jass–Belote family. Another difference is a first phase as in Sixty-Six, over which the melding activity is spread.

After both players have received 9 cards, a card is turned face up to determine the trump suit. A player who holds the seven of trump may exchange the two cards, so long as the stock is not empty. The game continues with two trick-play phases, in which ranks and point values of cards are as shown in the table.

In the first phase, the second player to a trick may play any card and need not follow suit. The player who leads may also declare a melding combination held in the player's hand and score for it as shown in the table. However, if the second player can counter with a higher melding, the second player scores instead. Every combination of cards may only be declared once, but it is allowed to declare a longer sequence that contains a shorter sequence which was declared previously. Independently of melding, a player who leads a King or Queen of trumps and holds the other card, can score 20 points for marriage by showing it. After every trick players complete their hands from the stock.

The second phase starts when the stock has been exhausted. Now the second player to a trick must follow suit if possible, and must take the trick if possible while following suit. There is no melding in this phase. The winner of the last trick scores 5 points, and a winner of all nine tricks in the second phase scores 100 points.

The game is played for 500 points; by melding this target can be met in a single deal.

Basic 2-handed game
According to David Parlett, "[t]his popular and widespread two-hander has so many names, mostly variations on the same one, that it is hard to know which is best for universal recognition. Klaberjass is probably closest to the original." He lists the alternative names as "Clob, Clobby, Clobiosh, Klob, Kalabrisasz, Bela, Cinq Cents, Zensa". The game appears to be of Jewish and/or Hungarian origin. It can be interpreted as a 2-handed variant of Belote, and indeed 3-handed Belote can be played in exactly the same way.

Having received 6 cards, players in turn get the chance to take the deal, i.e. bet to make more points than the opponent, with the randomly determined trump suit. If both pass, they in turn may choose to take the deal with a freely chosen trump suit. If both players pass again, the deal is aborted and the other player deals. After a successful bidding phase both hands are completed to 9 cards.

In addition to the card that determined the preferred trump suit, a second card is turned face up to give additional information. If the trump suit is as determined by the first face-up card, a player who holds the seven of trump may exchange the two cards.

Ranks and point values of cards are as shown in the table. In trick-play, a player who cannot follow suit must trump if possible, and any trump lead must be overtrumped. A player who holds both King and Queen of trumps may score 20 for the marriage when playing out the second of these cards. The winner of the last trick scores 10 points.

If the player who took the deal has made more combined points from card points in tricks taken, melds, marriage and last trick than the opponent, both players simply score their points. In the opposite case the opponent scores the sum of the points made by both.

The game is played for 500 points.

Belote
This game for 4 players in fixed partnerships became the French national card game early in the 20th century. Having received 5 cards, players in turn get the chance to take the deal, i.e. bet that their team will make more points than the opponents, with the randomly determined trump suit. If all players pass, they in turn may choose to take the deal with a freely chosen trump suit. After a successful bidding phase all hands are completed to 8 cards; the player who took the deal receives the turned-up card that determined the preferred trump suit.

In the melding phase, one team may meld certain combinations. (For melding purposes the natural order of cards is used.) The team of the player who holds the most valuable, highest-ranking combination gets the right to meld. This player is determined by a protocol that minimizes the information exposed. Any melding player must show the best sequence held during the first trick, and may show any other sequences held and score for them as well. The same card can be used for more than one meld.

Ranks and point values of cards are as shown in the table above for "most modern games". In trick-play, when the partner currently heads the trick there is no restriction other than following suit if possible. Otherwise a player who cannot follow suit must trump if possible and overtrump if possible. Similarly, any trump lead must be overtrumped unless the partner heads the trick. A player who holds both King and Queen of trumps can score 20 for the marriage by announcing "Belote" when playing the first and "Rebelote" when playing the second of these cards. The winner of the last trick scores 10 points.

If the team of the player who took the deal has made more combined points from card points in tricks taken, melds, marriage and last trick than the opponent team, both teams simply score their points. In the opposite case the opponents score the sum of the points made by both teams. A team that has won all tricks scores another 100 points for "kaput" instead of 10 points for the last trick.

Belote Contrée
Like Belote, this game is played by 4 players in fixed partnerships. Its distinguishing features are that all cards are distributed right from the start, and that players bid in terms of the number of points they expect to make. There are numerous rule variants; the following rules are meant as a particularly simple and progressive example. The game is also known as Belote Coinchée or Coinche, but it has been proposed to reserve this term for the variant played with melds and Belote.

Once all cards have been dealt to the players, each player in turn can propose a contract consisting of a number divisible by 10, from 80 to 160, or "kaput". Any contract announced must be higher than the last one. This continues for as many rounds as necessary, until a contract is accepted by the other three players all passing. Any player who proposes a contract must also indicate with which trump suit it is to be played, as in "80, clubs". If the last proposal was from the opposing partnership, instead of making another proposal a player may accept it and double the value of the deal. If this happens the bidding phase is over immediately, except that a member of the partnership whose proposal is played may redouble.

In trick-play players must follow suit. A player who cannot follow a plain suit led, and whose partner does not currently head the trick, must head the trick by playing a higher trump than any trumps already in the trick, if able to do so. To a trump lead, players must always head the trick if they can. The partnership taking the last trick scores 10 point. A partnership taking all tricks scores another 90 points.

If the partnership that made contract achieves the announced number or points in tricks (or takes all tricks in case of a contract for kaput), each partnership scores the points they made rounded to a multiple of 10; otherwise the opposing partnership scores the total points of the game, i.e. 160 points (or 250 points in case of kaput). However, if the contract was doubled or redoubled one partnership scores two or four times the total value of the game and the other nothing.

A game without melds, as described, is played for 2000 points. The game with melds and Belote is played for 3000 points.

Klaverjas
Klaverjas is the Dutch national game, but it has numerous variants, some of which are extremely close, if not identical, to Belote.

All cards are distributed to the players and trump is determined by one of several simple methods. There are two competing systems of trick-play, both of which are somewhat similar to the Belote system. Both systems agree with each other and with Belote, in that players must always follow suit, and that after a trump lead each player must head the trick if possible. Differences arise only if a player cannot follow suit to a plain suit lead. In this situation, the Rotterdam system requires playing a trump if possible and, if the trick has been trumped before, to overtrump if possible. In the same situation, the Amsterdam system distinguishes according to who is currently heading the trick. If the opponents are heading the trick, the player must head the trick by trumping or overtrumping, if possible. In either case a player must not undertrump if there are non-trump cards or higher trumps left.

Instead of melding, Klaverjas has a similar system of honours. 20 points for a King and Queen of trumps can be scored in addition to the 20 or 50 points for a sequence. Having four of a kind in a trick is of course extremely rare. The last trick scores an additional 10 points.

In variants in which a player chooses the trump suit, that player's partnership must make more points than the opponents. Otherwise all points made in the game, including for honours on both sides, are scored for the opponents.